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We investigated \LAO\ - \STO\ heterointerfaces grown either in oxygen rich or poor atmosphere by soft x-ray spectroscopy. Resonant photoemission across the Ti L$_{2,3}$ absorption edge of the valence band and Ti 2p core level spectroscopy…
Liquid-based bio-applications of graphene require a quantitative understanding of the graphene-liquid interface, with the surface charge density of adsorbed ions, the interfacial charge transfer resistance, and the interfacial charge noise…
The recent discovery of superconductivity and magnetism in trilayer rhombohedral graphene (RG) establishes an ideal, untwisted platform to study strong correlation electronic phenomena. However, the correlated effects in multilayer RG have…
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a well-known nonlinear spectroscopy method to probe electronic structure, specifically, in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers. This work investigates the nonlinear dynamics of a strongly…
The second-harmonic interferometric spectroscopy (SHIS) which combines both amplitude (intensity) and phase spectra of the second-harmonic (SH) radiation is proposed as a new spectroscopic technique being sensitive to the type of critical…
Ultraintense pulses from X-ray free-electron lasers can drive, within femtoseconds, multiple processes in the inner shells of atoms and molecules in all phases of matter. The ensuing complex ionization pathways of outer-shell electrons from…
Electrical double layers play a key role in a variety of electrochemical systems. The mean free path of secondary electrons in aqueous solutions is on the order of a nanometer, making them suitable for probing of ultrathin electrical double…
The capture of photoexcited deep-band hot carriers, excited by photons with energies far above the bandgap, is of significant importance for photovoltaic and photoelectronic applications since it is directly related to the quantum…
Although soft X-ray absorption features in AGN were discovered almost ten years ago, the nature and location of the gas creating them has remained controversial. However, by making use of the newly-available high-resolution spectra provided…
Optical spectroscopy based on second-order nonlinearity is a critical technique for characterizing two-dimensional (2D) crystals as well as bioimaging and quantum optics. It is generally believed that second-harmonic generation (SHG) in…
Intense efforts have been made in recent years to realize nonlinear optical interactions at the single-photon level. Much of this work has focused on achieving strong third-order nonlinearities, such as by using single atoms or other…
Recently synthesized two-dimensional (2D) boron, borophene, exhibits a novel metallic behavior rooted in the s-p orbital hybridization, distinctively different from other 2D materials such as sulfides/selenides and semi-metallic graphene.…
Two different types of boron-doped graphene/copper interfaces synthesized using two different flow rates of Ar through the bubbler containing the boron source were studied. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and optically stimulated electron…
Optical second harmonic generation is a second-order nonlinear process that combines two photons of a given frequency into a third photon at twice the frequency. Due to the symmetry constraints, it is widely used as a sensitive probe to…
Second harmonic generation (SHG) is a coherent nonlinear phenomenon that plays an important role in laser color conversion. Lithium niobate (LN), which features both a large band gap and outstanding second-order nonlinearities, acts as an…
The interfaces between two condensed phases often exhibit emergent physical properties that can lead to new physics and novel device applications, and are the subject of intense study in many disciplines. We here apply novel experimental…
Hydrogen-bond networks govern molecular structure and function across chemistry, biology and materials science, yet their deterministic control at the atomic scale remains a central challenge (1-9).Here, we directly visualize how an…
Second-order nonlinear optical interactions such as sum- and difference-frequency generation are widely used for bioimaging and as selective probes of interfacial environments. However, inefficient nonlinear optical conversion often leads…
Interferometry is a fundamental technique in physics, enabling precise measurements through the interference of waves. High-harmonic generation (HHG) in solids has emerged as a powerful method for probing ultrafast electronic dynamics…
We probe the local inhomogeneities of the electronic properties of graphene at the nanoscale using scanning probe microscopy techniques. First, we focus on the study of the electronic inhomogeneities caused by the graphene-substrate…