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Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework for solving sequential decision-making problems. In this work, we demonstrate that, surprisingly, RL emerges during the inference time of large language models (LLMs), a phenomenon we term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kefan Song , Amir Moeini , Peng Wang , Lei Gong , Rohan Chandra , Shangtong Zhang , Yanjun Qi

Interactive reinforcement learning has shown promise in learning complex robotic tasks. However, the process can be human-intensive due to the requirement of a large amount of interactive feedback. This paper presents a new method that uses…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shukai Liu , Chenming Wu , Ying Li , Liangjun Zhang

Conversational recommender systems (CRS) enable the traditional recommender systems to explicitly acquire user preferences towards items and attributes through interactive conversations. Reinforcement learning (RL) is widely adopted to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Yang Deng , Yaliang Li , Fei Sun , Bolin Ding , Wai Lam

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a predominant technique to align language models (LMs) with human preferences or promote outputs which are deemed to be desirable by a given reward function. Standard RL approaches optimize average…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stephen Zhao , Aidan Li , Rob Brekelmans , Roger Grosse

Recommender systems play a crucial role in our daily lives. Feed streaming mechanism has been widely used in the recommender system, especially on the mobile Apps. The feed streaming setting provides users the interactive manner of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Lixin Zou , Long Xia , Zhuoye Ding , Jiaxing Song , Weidong Liu , Dawei Yin

Personalized recommender systems play a crucial role in capturing users' evolving preferences over time to provide accurate and effective recommendations on various online platforms. However, many recommendation models rely on a single type…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Wei Wei , Lianghao Xia , Chao Huang

In this paper, we study collaborative filtering in an interactive setting, in which the recommender agents iterate between making recommendations and updating the user profile based on the interactive feedback. The most challenging problem…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Lixin Zou , Long Xia , Yulong Gu , Xiangyu Zhao , Weidong Liu , Jimmy Xiangji Huang , Dawei Yin

While recent advancements in aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with recommendation tasks have shown great potential and promising performance overall, these aligned recommendation LLMs still face challenges in complex scenarios. This is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yi Fang , Wenjie Wang , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Qifan Wang , Fuli Feng , Xiangnan He

We propose an approach towards natural language generation using a bidirectional encoder-decoder which incorporates external rewards through reinforcement learning (RL). We use attention mechanism and maximum mutual information as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Vidhushini Srinivasan , Sashank Santhanam , Samira Shaikh

Preference-based reinforcement learning (RL) provides a framework to train agents using human preferences between two behaviors. However, preference-based RL has been challenging to scale since it requires a large amount of human feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Changyeon Kim , Jongjin Park , Jinwoo Shin , Honglak Lee , Pieter Abbeel , Kimin Lee

Conversational recommenders are emerging as a powerful tool to personalize a user's recommendation experience. Through a back-and-forth dialogue, users can quickly hone in on just the right items. Many approaches to conversational…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Allen Lin , Ziwei Zhu , Jianling Wang , James Caverlee

Conversational Recommender Systems (CRSs) leverage natural language interactions for personalized recommendation, yet information-scarce dialogue histories and single-turn recommendation paradigms may severely hinder accurate modeling of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Xingyuan Xiang , Xiangchen Pan , Wei Wei

In Reinforcement Learning (RL), designing precise reward functions remains to be a challenge, particularly when aligning with human intent. Preference-based RL (PbRL) was introduced to address this problem by learning reward models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Heewoong Choi , Sangwon Jung , Hongjoon Ahn , Taesup Moon

Interactive Recommendation (IR) has gained significant attention recently for its capability to quickly capture dynamic interest and optimize both short and long term objectives. IR agents are typically implemented through Deep…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jingyu Li , Zhiyong Feng , Dongxiao He , Hongqi Chen , Qinghang Gao , Guoli Wu

One of the fundamental quests of AI is to produce agents that coordinate well with humans. This problem is challenging, especially in domains that lack high quality human behavioral data, because multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Hengyuan Hu , Dorsa Sadigh

The success of RL for LLM post-training stems from an unreasonably uninformative source: a single bit of information per rollout as binary reward or preference label. At the other extreme, distillation offers dense supervision but requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yuda Song , Lili Chen , Fahim Tajwar , Remi Munos , Deepak Pathak , J. Andrew Bagnell , Aarti Singh , Andrea Zanette

Fairness in recommendation has attracted increasing attention due to bias and discrimination possibly caused by traditional recommenders. In Interactive Recommender Systems (IRS), user preferences and the system's fairness status are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Weiwen Liu , Feng Liu , Ruiming Tang , Ben Liao , Guangyong Chen , Pheng Ann Heng

We introduce MotionRL, the first approach to utilize Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning (RL) for optimizing text-to-motion generation tasks and aligning them with human preferences. Previous works focused on improving numerical performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiaoyang Liu , Yunyao Mao , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

Reinforcement learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) learns from preference signals, while standard Reinforcement Learning (RL) directly learns from reward signals. Preferences arguably contain less information than rewards, which makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Yuanhao Wang , Qinghua Liu , Chi Jin

In recent years, there are great interests as well as challenges in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to recommendation systems (RS). In this paper, we summarize three key practical challenges of large-scale RL-based recommender systems:…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Kai Wang , Zhene Zou , Qilin Deng , Runze Wu , Jianrong Tao , Changjie Fan , Liang Chen , Peng Cui