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Advances in large language models (LLMs) enable many new innovations in education. However, evaluating the effectiveness of new technology requires real students, which is time-consuming and hard to scale up. Therefore, many recent works on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Alexander Scarlatos , Jaewook Lee , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

In courses that involve programming assignments, giving meaningful feedback to students is an important challenge. Human beings can give useful feedback by manually grading the programs but this is a time-consuming, labor intensive, and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Joshua Clune , Vijay Ramamurthy , Ruben Martins , Umut A. Acar

Pedagogical Agents (PAs) show significant potential for boosting student engagement and learning outcomes by providing adaptive, on-demand support in educational contexts. However, existing PA solutions are often hampered by pre-scripted…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Eason Chen , Chenyu Lin , Yu-Kai Huang , Xinyi Tang , Aprille Xi , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth Koedinger

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to scale up personalized tutoring through large language models (LLMs). Recent AI tutors are adapted for the tutoring task by training or prompting LLMs to follow effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Alexander Scarlatos , Naiming Liu , Jaewook Lee , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Grading is a time-consuming and laborious task that educators must face. It is an important task since it provides feedback signals to learners, and it has been demonstrated that timely feedback improves the learning process. In recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Germán Capdehourat , Isabel Amigo , Brian Lorenzo , Joaquín Trigo

Automatic short answer grading is an important research direction in the exploration of how to use artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools to improve education. Current state-of-the-art approaches use neural language models to create…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Mengxue Zhang , Sami Baral , Neil Heffernan , Andrew Lan

The growing enrollments in computer science courses and increase in class sizes necessitate scalable, automated tutoring solutions to adequately support student learning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have demonstrated…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ty Feng , Sa Liu , Dipak Ghosal

Text-based open-ended questions in academic formative and summative assessments help students become deep learners and prepare them to understand concepts for a subsequent conceptual assessment. However, grading text-based questions,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Rujun Gao , Hillary E. Merzdorf , Saira Anwar , M. Cynthia Hipwell , Arun Srinivasa

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has transformed human-computer interaction (HCI), but the interaction with LLMs is currently mainly focused on text-based interactions, while other multi-model approaches remain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Eason Chen , Chenyu Lin , Xinyi Tang , Aprille Xi , Canwen Wang , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth R Koedinger

End of semester student evaluations of teaching are the dominant mechanism for providing feedback to academics on their teaching practice. For large classes, however, the volume of feedback makes these tools impractical for this purpose.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Mike Zhang , Euan D Lindsay , Frederik Bode Thorbensen , Danny Bøgsted Poulsen , Johannes Bjerva

Providing timely and personalized feedback to large numbers of students is a long-standing challenge in programming courses. Relying on human teaching assistants (TAs) has been extensively studied, revealing a number of potential…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Paul Denny , Stephen MacNeil , Jaromir Savelka , Leo Porter , Andrew Luxton-Reilly

Commonly, introductory programming courses in higher education institutions have hundreds of participating students eager to learn to program. The manual effort for reviewing the submitted source code and for providing feedback can no…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Gerhard Johann Hagerer , Laura Lahesoo , Miriam Anschütz , Stephan Krusche , Georg Groh

Instructor's feedback plays a critical role in students' development of conceptual understanding and reasoning skills. However, grading student written responses and providing personalized feedback can take a substantial amount of time. In…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-06-17 Tong Wan , Zhongzhou Chen

Addressing the challenge of generating personalized feedback for programming assignments is demanding due to several factors, like the complexity of code syntax or different ways to correctly solve a task. In this experimental study, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Maciej Pankiewicz , Ryan S. Baker

Automated grading systems, or auto-graders, have become ubiquitous in programming education, and the way they generate feedback has become increasingly automated as well. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding auto-grader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Adam Zhang , Heather Burte , Jaromir Savelka , Christopher Bogart , Majd Sakr

Automating the assessment of learner summaries provides a useful tool for assessing learner reading comprehension. We present a summarization task for evaluating non-native reading comprehension and propose three novel approaches to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-19 Menglin Xia , Ekaterina Kochmar , Ted Briscoe

Providing explainable and faithful feedback is crucial for automated student answer assessment. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework that explores using ChatGPT, a cutting-edge large language model, for the concurrent tasks of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Jiazheng Li , Lin Gui , Yuxiang Zhou , David West , Cesare Aloisi , Yulan He

An introductory programming course (CS1) is an integral part of any undergraduate curriculum. Due to large number and diverse programming background of students, providing timely and personalised feedback to individual students is a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-02-03 Rajdeep Das , Umair Z. Ahmed , Amey Karkare , Sumit Gulwani

Virtual Teaching Assistants (VTAs) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance student learning by providing instant feedback and facilitating multi-turn interactions. However, empirical studies on their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sunjun Kweon , Sooyohn Nam , Hyunseung Lim , Hwajung Hong , Edward Choi

This study underscores the pivotal role of syntax feedback in augmenting the syntactic proficiency of students. Recognizing the challenges faced by learners in mastering syntactic nuances, we introduce a specialized dataset named…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Kamyar Zeinalipour , Mehak Mehak , Fatemeh Parsamotamed , Marco Maggini , Marco Gori