Related papers: Energy sensitivity of the GRAPES-3 EAS array for p…
The energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the range 10^15 eV to 6*10^19 eV has been studied using the air Cherenkov light detectors of the Yakutsk array. The total flux of photons produced by relativistic electrons (including positrons as well,…
Radio antennas have become a standard tool for the detection of cosmic-ray air showers in the energy range above $10^{16}\,$eV. The radio signal of these air showers is generated mostly due to the deflection of electrons and positrons in…
Below the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum, balloon and spacecraft experiments offer the capability of direct composition and energy measurements on the primary particles. A major difficulty is obtaining enough exposure to extend the range…
The primary cosmic rays particles with energies above 10**20 eV have been observed at many extensive air shower arrays since the beginning of observations over 40 years ago. The validity of measurements of signal s(600) used as energy…
The energies of the most energetic extensive air showers observed at the Yakutsk array have been estimated with help of the all detectors readings instead of using of the standard procedure with a parameter s(600). The energy of the most…
Along the years HiRes and AGASA experiments have explored the fluorescence and the ground array experimental techniques to measure extensive air showers, being both essential to investigate the ultra-high energy cosmic rays. However, such…
Measurements of air showers are accumulating at an increasing rate while construction proceeds at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Although the southern site is only half complete, the cumulative exposure is already similar to those achieved…
To better understand the radio signal emitted by extensive air-showers and to further develop the radio detection technique of high-energy cosmic rays, the LOPES experiment was reconfigured to LOPES-3D. LOPES-3D is able to measure all three…
We present a measurement of the energy spectrum of the light mass group of cosmic rays (protons and helium) with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory in the energy interval from $10$ TeV to $200$ TeV. The spectrum covers the…
Cosmic rays represent one of the most important energy transformation processes of the universe. They bring information about the surrounding universe, our galaxy, and very probably also the extragalactic space, at least at the highest…
The radio detection of cosmic rays consists in the estimation of the properties of a primary cosmic ray by observing the electric field emitted by the extensive air shower (EAS) created when the primary cosmic ray enters the atmosphere.…
The KASCADE experiment measures a high number of EAS observables with a large degree of sampling of the electron-photon, muon, and hadron components. It provides accurate data for an event-by-event analysis of the primary cosmic ray flux in…
Ultra high energy cosmic rays provide the highest known energy source in the universe to measure proton cross sections. Though conditions for collecting such data are less controlled than an accelerator environment, current generation…
Cosmic rays represent one of the most important energy transformation processes of the universe. They bring information about the surrounding universe, our galaxy, and very probably also the extragalactic space, at least at the highest…
A new measurement of the primary cosmic-ray proton and helium fluxes from 3 to 350 GeV was carried out by the balloon-borne CAPRICE experiment in 1998. This experimental setup combines different detector techniques and has excellent…
Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles (SEPs) affect the performance of instruments carried on board space missions and are the source of the absorbed dose to astronauts. Particles above 100 MeV are the most penetrating. The…
Using IceTop, the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, the all-particle cosmic ray energy spectrum has been determined above a few PeV. The measured energy spectrum leaves a gap of more than a decade in energy to direct…
A detection technique for ultra-high energy cosmic rays, complementary to the fluorescence technique, would be the use of the molecular Bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by low-energy ionization electrons left after the passage of the…
In the last two decades, different advances with extensive air shower (EAS) experiments have allowed to unveil several details about the composition and energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays from some TeV up to several hundreds of PeV,…
Surface detector arrays are designed to measure the spectrum and composition of high-energy cosmic rays by detecting the secondary particle flux of the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by the primary cosmic rays. Electromagnetic…