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Multi-hop question answering (QA) often requires sequential retrieval (multi-hop retrieval), where each hop retrieves missing knowledge based on information from previous hops. To facilitate more effective retrieval, we aim to distill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zehua Xia , Yuyang Wu , Yiyun Xia , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Reasoning quality in large language models depends not only on producing correct answers but also on generating valid intermediate steps. We study this through multiple-choice question answering (MCQA), which provides a controlled setting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Raphael Schumann , Stefan Riezler

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems have made significant progress in solving complex multi-hop question answering (QA) tasks in the English scenario. However, RAG systems inevitably face the application scenario of retrieving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yilin Wang , Yuchun Fan , Jiaoyang Li , Ziming Zhu , Yongyu Mu , Qiaozhi He , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Multimodal multihop question answering (MMQA) requires reasoning over images and text from multiple sources. Despite advances in visual question answering, this multihop setting remains underexplored due to a lack of quality datasets.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Amirhossein Abaskohi , Spandana Gella , Giuseppe Carenini , Issam H. Laradji

Building training-ready multi-hop question answering (QA) datasets that truly stress a model's retrieval and reasoning abilities remains highly challenging recently. While there have been a few recent evaluation datasets that capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Bingsen Qiu , Zijian Liu , Xiao Liu , Bingjie Wang , Feier Zhang , Yixuan Qin , Chunyan Li , Haoshen Yang , Zeren Gao

State-of-the-art models for multi-hop question answering typically augment large-scale language models like BERT with additional, intuitively useful capabilities such as named entity recognition, graph-based reasoning, and question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Dirk Groeneveld , Tushar Khot , Mausam , Ashish Sabharwal

Reading Comprehension has received significant attention in recent years as high quality Question Answering (QA) datasets have become available. Despite state-of-the-art methods achieving strong overall accuracy, Multi-Hop (MH) reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Alex Long , Joel Mason , Alan Blair , Wei Wang

The success of deep learning models on multi-hop fact verification has prompted researchers to understand the behavior behind their veracity. One possible way is erasure search: obtaining the rationale by entirely removing a subset of input…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Jiasheng Si , Yingjie Zhu , Deyu Zhou

When provided with sufficient explanatory context, smaller Language Models have been shown to exhibit strong reasoning ability on challenging short-answer question-answering tasks where the questions are unseen in training. We evaluate two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Tim Hartill , Diana Benavides-Prado , Michael Witbrock , Patricia J. Riddle

In this paper, we propose a new dataset, ReasonVQA, for the Visual Question Answering (VQA) task. Our dataset is automatically integrated with structured encyclopedic knowledge and constructed using a low-cost framework, which is capable of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Duong T. Tran , Trung-Kien Tran , Manfred Hauswirth , Danh Le Phuoc

Multi-hop question answering (MQA) is one of the challenging tasks to evaluate machine's comprehension and reasoning abilities, where large language models (LLMs) have widely achieved the human-comparable performance. Due to the dynamics of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Hengrui Gu , Kaixiong Zhou , Xiaotian Han , Ninghao Liu , Ruobing Wang , Xin Wang

Accurate question answering (QA) in disaster management requires reasoning over uncertain and conflicting information, a setting poorly captured by existing benchmarks built on clean evidence. We introduce DisastQA, a large-scale benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhitong Chen , Kai Yin , Xiangjue Dong , Chengkai Liu , Xiangpeng Li , Yiming Xiao , Bo Li , Junwei Ma , Ali Mostafavi , James Caverlee

Language-enabled AI systems can answer complex, multi-hop questions to high accuracy, but supporting answers with evidence is a more challenging task which is important for the transparency and trustworthiness to users. Prior work in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Shane Storks , Qiaozi Gao , Aishwarya Reganti , Govind Thattai

Multi-Hop Question Answering (MHQA) is a significant area in question answering, requiring multiple reasoning components, including document retrieval, supporting sentence prediction, and answer span extraction. In this work, we analyze the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Zhangyue Yin , Yuxin Wang , Xiannian Hu , Yiguang Wu , Hang Yan , Xinyu Zhang , Zhao Cao , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

In this study, we introduced a new benchmark consisting of a curated dataset and a defined evaluation process to assess the compositional reasoning capabilities of large language models within the chemistry domain. We designed and validated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Mohammad Khodadad , Ali Shiraee Kasmaee , Mahdi Astaraki , Nicholas Sherck , Hamidreza Mahyar , Soheila Samiee

Modern systems for multi-hop question answering (QA) typically break questions into a sequence of reasoning steps, termed chain-of-thought (CoT), before arriving at a final answer. Often, multiple chains are sampled and aggregated through a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Ori Yoran , Tomer Wolfson , Ben Bogin , Uri Katz , Daniel Deutch , Jonathan Berant

Knowledge retrieval and reasoning are two key stages in multi-hop question answering (QA) at web scale. Existing approaches suffer from low confidence when retrieving evidence facts to fill the knowledge gap and lack transparent reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Weiwen Xu , Huihui Zhang , Deng Cai , Wai Lam

Existing claim verification datasets often do not require systems to perform complex reasoning or effectively interpret multimodal evidence. To address this, we introduce a new task: multi-hop multimodal claim verification. This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Haoran Wang , Aman Rangapur , Xiongxiao Xu , Yueqing Liang , Haroon Gharwi , Carl Yang , Kai Shu

Accurately answering complex questions has consistently been a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). To address this, this paper proposes a multi-hop question decomposition method for complex questions, building upon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Zucheng Liang , Wenxin Wei , Kaijie Zhang , Hongyi Chen

Neural network models recently proposed for question answering (QA) primarily focus on capturing the passage-question relation. However, they have minimal capability to link relevant facts distributed across multiple sentences which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Souvik Kundu , Hwee Tou Ng