Related papers: On the Collatz general problem $qn+1$
We investigate the structure of Collatz path sequences $\{F^k(n)\}_{k=0}^{\infty}$ for positive integers $n$, where $F$ denotes the standard Collatz map. By classifying natural numbers into residue classes modulo~4, we establish that the…
In this paper, we study a general Syracuse problem. We give some necessary conditions concerning the existence of eventual non trivial cycles. Some properties based on linear logarithmic forms are established. New general conjectures are…
An adjacent $q$-cycle is a natural generalization of an adjacent transposition. We show that the number of adjacent $q$-cycles in a permutation maps to the sum of occurrences of two mesh patterns under Foata's fundamental transformation. As…
For any odd positive integer $x$, define $(x_n)_{n\geqslant 0} $ and $(a_n )_{n\geqslant 1} $ by setting $x_{0}=x, \,\, x_n =\cfrac{3x_{n-1} +1}{2^{a_n }}$ such that all $x_n $ are odd. The 3x+1 problem asserts that there is an $x_n =1$ for…
The Collatz iteration is governed by two distinct update rules, depending on the parity of the current iterate: n(i+1)=3n(i)+1 for odd n(i), and n(i+1)=n(i)/2 for even n(i). We show that these rules can be written equivalently as a single…
The Collatz variations pattern seems not to have any recurrence relation between numbers. But knowing that there is at least a natural number that converges after several iterations we construct a function $f_{X,Y}$ that is equal to the…
The theory of Gaussian quantum fluctuations around classical steady states in nonlinear quantum-optical systems (also known as standard linearization) is a cornerstone for the analysis of such systems. Its simplicity, together with its…
This paper gives a simple proof of the Wirsching-Goodwin representation of integers connected to 1 in the $3x+1$ problem (see \cite{Wirsching} and \cite{Goodwin}). This representation permits to compute all the ascending Collatz sequences…
Comparison of three different regularization methods of calculating the one-loop effective Heisenberg-Euler Lagrangian of quantum electro-dynamics (QED) is employed to derive some interesting integrals involving the asymptotic expansion of…
We prove a conjecture that classifies exceptional numbers. This conjecture arises in two different ways, from cryptography and from coding theory. An odd integer $t\geq 3$ is said to be exceptional if $f(x)=x^t$ is APN (Almost Perfect…
The dynamics of the second order rational difference equation $\displaystyle{z_{n+1}=\frac{\alpha + \beta z_{n}+ \gamma z_{n-1}}{A + B z_n + C z_{n-1}}}$ with complex parameters and arbitrary complex initial conditions is investigated. In…
Standard techniques for treating linear recurrences no longer apply for quadratic recurrences. It is not hard to determine asymptotics for a specific parametrized model over a wide domain of values (all $p \neq 1/2$ here). The gap between…
In one of their seminal articles on allowable sequences, Goodman and Pollack gave combinatorial generalizations for three problems in discrete geometry, one of which being the Dirac conjecture. According to this conjecture, any set of $n$…
The ancient unsolved problem of congruent numbers has been reduced to one of the major questions of contemporary arithmetic: the finiteness of the number of curves over $\bf Q$ which become isomorphic at every place to a given curve. We…
Generalised Probabilistic Theories (GPTs) provide a unifying framework encompassing classical theories, quantum theories, as well as hypothetical alternatives. We investigate the problem of extending a system with a finite set of…
Let $(U_n)_{n\geq 0}$ be a fixed linear recurrence sequence of integers with order at least two, and for any positive integer $\ell$, let $\ell \cdot 2^{\ell} + 1$ be a Cullen number. Recently in \cite{bmt}, generalized Cullen numbers in…
Let $\lambda(n)$ denote the exponent of the multiplicative group modulo $n$. We show that when $q$ is odd, each coprime residue class modulo $q$ is hit equally often by $\lambda(n)$ as $n$ varies. Under the stronger assumption that…
A generalized definition of average, termed the q-average, is widely employed in the field of nonextensive statistical mechanics. Recently, it has however been pointed out that such an average value may behave unphysical under specific…
Collatz Conjecture is one of the most famous, for its simple form, proposed more than eighty years ago. This paper presents a full attempt to prove the affirmative answer to the question proposed by the conjecture. In the first section, we…
In this paper we shall show amazing behavior of some discrete maps using Collatze like problems and some advanced theories in analytic number theory and dynamical system,we have investigated the driven cubic-quintic Duffing equation such…