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The famous Tower of Hanoi puzzle involves moving $n$ discs of distinct sizes from one of $p\geq 3$ pegs (traditionally $p=3$) to another of the pegs, subject to the constraints that only one disc may be moved at a time, and no disc can ever…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-22 David Eppstein , Daniel Frishberg , William Maxwell

Consider the restricted Hanoi graphs which correspond to the variants of the famous Tower of Hanoi problem with multiple pegs where moves of the discs are restricted throughout the arcs of a movement digraph whose vertices represent the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-31 El-Mehdi Mehiri

In the Twin Towers of Hanoi version of the well known Towers of Hanoi Problem there are two coupled sets of pegs. In each move, one chooses a pair of pegs in one of the sets and performs the only possible legal transfer of a disk between…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-24 Zoran Sunic

The generalized Tower of Hanoi problem with h \ge 4 pegs is known to require a sub-exponentially fast growing number of moves in order to transfer a pile of n disks from one peg to another. In this paper we study the Path_h variant, where…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-02-25 Daniel Berend , Amir Sapir , Shay Solomon

We introduce and study a new four-peg variant of the Tower of Hanoi problem under parity constraints. Two pegs are neutral and allow arbitrary disc placements, while the remaining two pegs are restricted to discs of a prescribed parity: one…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-28 El-Mehdi Mehiri

The Tower of Hanoi game is a classical puzzle in recreational mathematics (Lucas 1883) which also has a strong record in pure mathematics. In a borderland between these two areas we find the characterization of the minimal number of moves,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-31 Jonathan Chappelon , Urban Larsson , Akihiro Matsuura

We prove the exact formulae for the expected number of moves to solve several variants of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle with 3 pegs and n disks, when each move is chosen uniformly randomly from the set of all valid moves. We further present an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-12-11 Max A. Alekseyev , Toby Berger

The weighted Tower of Hanoi is a new generalization of the classical Tower of Hanoi problem, where a move of a disc between two pegs $i$ and $j$ is weighted by a positive real $w_{ij}\geq 0$. This new problem generalizes the concept of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-04-06 El-Mehdi Mehiri , Hacène Belbachir

Our theme bases on the classical Hanoi Towers Problem. In this paper we will define a new problem, permitting some positions, that were not legal in the classical problem. Our goal is to find an optimal (shortest possible) sequence of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Sergey Benditkis , Illya Safro

The game of the Towers of Hanoi is generalized to binary trees. First, a straightforward solution of the game is discussed. Second, a shorter solution is presented, which is then shown to be optimal.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-10-13 Joost Engelfriet

The purpose of this paper is to prove the Frame-Stewart algorithm for the generalized Towers of Hanoi problem as well as finding the number of moves required to solve the problem and studying the multitude of optimal solutions. The main…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-24 Mikael Erik Jörgensen

Finite dimensional representations of the Hanoi Towers group are used to calculate the spectra of the finite graphs associated to the Hanoi Towers Game on three pegs (the group serves as a renorm group for the game). These graphs are…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-11-02 Rostislav Grigorchuk , Zoran Sunic

The number of spanning trees of a graph is an important invariant related to topological and dynamic properties of the graph, such as its reliability, communication aspects, synchronization, and so on. However, the practical enumeration of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Zhongzhi Zhang , Shunqi Wu , Mingyun Li , Francesc Comellas

In this work I study a modified Tower of Hanoi puzzle, which I term Magnetic Tower of Hanoi (MToH). The original Tower of Hanoi puzzle, invented by the French mathematician Edouard Lucas in 1883, spans "base 2". That is - the number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-11 Uri Levy

Considering the symmetries and self similarity properties of the corresponding labeled graphs, it is shown that the minimal number of moves in the Tower of Hanoi game with $p =4$ pegs and $n \geq p$ disks satisfies the recursive formula $…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-19 Janez Žerovnik

The Magnetic Tower of Hanoi puzzle - a modified "base 3" version of the classical Tower of Hanoi puzzle as described in earlier papers, is actually a small set of independent sister-puzzles, depending on the "pre-coloring" combination of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-11-18 Uri Levy

In this paper, our aim is to prove that our recursive algorithm to solve the "Reve's puzzle" (four- peg Tower of Hanoi) is the optimal solution according to minimum number of moves. Here we used Frame's five step algorithm to solve the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-12-06 Bijoy Rahman Arif

The Tower of Hanoi continues to provide a surprisingly rich meeting point for recursive reasoning, combinatorial geometry, and computational verification. Motivated by the editorial standards of the Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-12 Qi Junyi

More than a century after its proposal, the Towers of Hanoi puzzle with 4 pegs was solved by Thierry Bousch in a breakthrough paper in 2014. The general problem with p pegs is still open, with the best lower bound on the minimum number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-19 Codrut Grosu

We present efficient algorithms for constructing a shortest path between two states in the Tower of Hanoi graph, and for computing the length of the shortest path. The key element is a finite-state machine which decides, after examining on…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Dan Romik
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