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Pre-trained Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art performance for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models often have billions of parameters, and, thus, are too resource-hungry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Prakhar Ganesh , Yao Chen , Xin Lou , Mohammad Ali Khan , Yin Yang , Hassan Sajjad , Preslav Nakov , Deming Chen , Marianne Winslett

This paper presents BERT-CTC, a novel formulation of end-to-end speech recognition that adapts BERT for connectionist temporal classification (CTC). Our formulation relaxes the conditional independence assumptions used in conventional CTC…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-21 Yosuke Higuchi , Brian Yan , Siddhant Arora , Tetsuji Ogawa , Tetsunori Kobayashi , Shinji Watanabe

Language model pre-training, such as BERT, has achieved remarkable results in many NLP tasks. However, it is unclear why the pre-training-then-fine-tuning paradigm can improve performance and generalization capability across different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Yaru Hao , Li Dong , Furu Wei , Ke Xu

Pretrained language models based on the Transformer architecture have achieved state-of-the-art results in various natural language processing tasks such as part-of-speech tagging, named entity recognition, and question answering. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 B. Mansurov , A. Mansurov

A considerable number of texts encountered daily are somehow connected with each other. For example, Wikipedia articles refer to other articles via hyperlinks, scientific papers relate to others via citations or (co)authors, while tweets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Albert Roethel , Maria Ganzha , Anna Wróblewska

While large language models like BERT demonstrate strong empirical performance on semantic tasks, whether this reflects true conceptual competence or surface-level statistical association remains unclear. I investigate whether BERT encodes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Cole Gawin

Deep learning-based and lately Transformer-based language models have been dominating the studies of natural language processing in the last years. Thanks to their accurate and fast fine-tuning characteristics, they have outperformed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Savas Yildirim

Probes are models devised to investigate the encoding of knowledge -- e.g. syntactic structure -- in contextual representations. Probes are often designed for simplicity, which has led to restrictions on probe design that may not allow for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Jennifer C. White , Tiago Pimentel , Naomi Saphra , Ryan Cotterell

Time series analysis is crucial in diverse scenarios. Beyond forecasting, considerable real-world tasks are categorized into classification, imputation, and anomaly detection, underscoring different capabilities termed time series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Haoran Zhang , Yong Liu , Yunzhong Qiu , Haixuan Liu , Zhongyi Pei , Jianmin Wang , Mingsheng Long

Pre-trained language models perform well on a variety of linguistic tasks that require symbolic reasoning, raising the question of whether such models implicitly represent abstract symbols and rules. We investigate this question using the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Jason Wei , Dan Garrette , Tal Linzen , Ellie Pavlick

Contrastive learning has been used to learn a high-quality representation of the image in computer vision. However, contrastive learning is not widely utilized in natural language processing due to the lack of a general method of data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-29 Peng Su , Yifan Peng , K. Vijay-Shanker

Pre-trained language models have recently emerged as a powerful tool for fine-tuning a variety of language tasks. Ideally, when models are pre-trained on large amount of data, they are expected to gain implicit knowledge. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Mohamad Ballout , Ulf Krumnack , Gunther Heidemann , Kai-Uwe Kühnberger

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have significantly bolstered the technological world. This paper explores the potential of transfer learning in natural language processing focusing mainly on sentiment analysis. The models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Aman Yadav , Abhishek Vichare

Fine-tuning pre-trained models have achieved impressive performance on standard natural language processing benchmarks. However, the resultant model generalizability remains poorly understood. We do not know, for example, how excellent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Luoqiu Li , Xiang Chen , Hongbin Ye , Zhen Bi , Shumin Deng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

With a growing number of BERTology work analyzing different components of pre-trained language models, we extend this line of research through an in-depth analysis of discourse information in pre-trained and fine-tuned language models. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Patrick Huber , Giuseppe Carenini

In this paper, we investigate the modeling power of contextualized embeddings from pre-trained language models, e.g. BERT, on the E2E-ABSA task. Specifically, we build a series of simple yet insightful neural baselines to deal with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Xin Li , Lidong Bing , Wenxuan Zhang , Wai Lam

Pretrained language models have achieved a new state of the art on many NLP tasks, but there are still many open questions about how and why they work so well. We investigate the contextualization of words in BERT. We quantify the amount of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Mengjie Zhao , Philipp Dufter , Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Hinrich Schütze

The adaptation of pretrained language models to solve supervised tasks has become a baseline in NLP, and many recent works have focused on studying how linguistic information is encoded in the pretrained sentence representations. Among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Laura Pérez-Mayos , Roberto Carlini , Miguel Ballesteros , Leo Wanner

This paper presents the first unsupervised approach to lexical semantic change that makes use of contextualised word representations. We propose a novel method that exploits the BERT neural language model to obtain representations of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Mario Giulianelli , Marco Del Tredici , Raquel Fernández

In creating sentence embeddings for Natural Language Inference (NLI) tasks, using transformer-based models like BERT leads to high accuracy, but require hundreds of millions of parameters. These models take in sentences as a sequence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jason Lunder