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Choosing optimal (or at least better) policies is an important problem in domains from medicine to education to finance and many others. One approach to this problem is through controlled experiments/trials - but controlled experiments are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-26 Onur Atan , William R. Zame , M van der Schaar

Deep NLP models have been shown to learn spurious correlations, leaving them brittle to input perturbations. Recent work has shown that counterfactual or contrastive data -- i.e. minimally perturbed inputs -- can reveal these weaknesses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Bhargavi Paranjape , Matthew Lamm , Ian Tenney

Counterfactual reasoning requires predicting how alternative events, contrary to what actually happened, might have resulted in different outcomes. Despite being considered a necessary component of AI-complete systems, few resources have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Lianhui Qin , Antoine Bosselut , Ari Holtzman , Chandra Bhagavatula , Elizabeth Clark , Yejin Choi

In this work, we propose a method for neural dialogue response generation that allows not only generating semantically reasonable responses according to the dialogue history, but also explicitly controlling the sentiment of the response via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Xiang Kong , Bohan Li , Graham Neubig , Eduard Hovy , Yiming Yang

Counterfactuals have become a popular technique nowadays for interacting with black-box machine learning models and understanding how to change a particular instance to obtain a desired outcome from the model. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Philip Naumann , Eirini Ntoutsi

We propose an adversarial learning approach for generating multi-turn dialogue responses. Our proposed framework, hredGAN, is based on conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs). The GAN's generator is a modified hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Oluwatobi Olabiyi , Alan Salimov , Anish Khazane , Erik T. Mueller

Conventional audio classification relied on predefined classes, lacking the ability to learn from free-form text. Recent methods unlock learning joint audio-text embeddings from raw audio-text pairs describing audio in natural language.…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Ali Vosoughi , Luca Bondi , Ho-Hsiang Wu , Chenliang Xu

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) attempts to predict the performance of counterfactual policies using log data from a different policy. We extend its applicability by developing an OPE method for a class of both full support and deficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Yusuke Narita , Kyohei Okumura , Akihiro Shimizu , Kohei Yata

The main challenge of offline reinforcement learning, where data is limited, arises from a sequence of counterfactual reasoning dilemmas within the realm of potential actions: What if we were to choose a different course of action? These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Yao Liu , Pratik Chaudhari , Rasool Fakoor

In real-world debates, the most common way to counter an argument is to reason against its main point, that is, its conclusion. Existing work on the automatic generation of natural language counter-arguments does not address the relation to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Milad Alshomary , Henning Wachsmuth

Dialogue systems play an increasingly important role in various aspects of our daily life. It is evident from recent research that dialogue systems trained on human conversation data are biased. In particular, they can produce responses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Haochen Liu , Wentao Wang , Yiqi Wang , Hui Liu , Zitao Liu , Jiliang Tang

The predominant approach to open-domain dialog generation relies on end-to-end training of neural models on chat datasets. However, this approach provides little insight as to what these models learn (or do not learn) about engaging in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Abdelrhman Saleh , Tovly Deutsch , Stephen Casper , Yonatan Belinkov , Stuart Shieber

Counterfactual explanations elucidate algorithmic decisions by pointing to scenarios that would have led to an alternative, desired outcome. Giving insight into the model's behavior, they hint users towards possible actions and give grounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-05 Susanne Dandl , Kristin Blesch , Timo Freiesleben , Gunnar König , Jan Kapar , Bernd Bischl , Marvin Wright

Domain Adaptation arises when we aim at learning from source domain a model that can per- form acceptably well on a different target domain. It is especially crucial for Natural Language Generation (NLG) in Spoken Dialogue Systems when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-09 Van-Khanh Tran , Le-Minh Nguyen

Open-domain dialogue systems aim to generate relevant, informative and engaging responses. Seq2seq neural response generation approaches do not have explicit mechanisms to control the content or style of the generated response, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Behnam Hedayatnia , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Seokhwan Kim , Yang Liu , Mihail Eric , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

Tackling online hatred using informed textual responses - called counter narratives - has been brought under the spotlight recently. Accordingly, a research line has emerged to automatically generate counter narratives in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Yi-Ling Chung , Serra Sinem Tekiroglu , Marco Guerini

Counterfactual reasoning has emerged as a crucial technique for generalizing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). By generating and analyzing counterfactual scenarios, researchers can assess the adaptability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shuai Yang , Qi Yang , Luoxi Tang , Yuqiao Meng , Nancy Guo , Jeremy Blackburn , Zhaohan Xi

We study knowledge-grounded dialogue generation with pre-trained language models. To leverage the redundant external knowledge under capacity constraint, we propose equipping response generation defined by a pre-trained language model with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Xueliang Zhao , Wei Wu , Can Xu , Chongyang Tao , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

In multi-turn dialog, utterances do not always take the full form of sentences \cite{Carbonell1983DiscoursePA}, which naturally makes understanding the dialog context more difficult. However, it is essential to fully grasp the dialog…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xiuying Chen , Zhi Cui , Jiayi Zhang , Chen Wei , Jianwei Cui , Bin Wang , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

We present a novel generative method for producing unseen and plausible counterfactual examples for reinforcement learning (RL) agents based upon outcome variables that characterize agent behavior. Our approach uses a variational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Eric Yeh , Pedro Sequeira , Jesse Hostetler , Melinda Gervasio