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The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great promise in code analysis and auditing; however, they still struggle with hallucinations and limited context-aware reasoning. We introduce SmartAuditFlow, a novel Plan-Execute framework that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhiyuan Wei , Jing Sun , Zijian Zhang , Zhe Hou , Zixiao Zhao

We introduce a high-performance virtual machine (VM) written in a numerically fast language like Fortran or C to evaluate very large expressions. We discuss the general concept of how to perform computations in terms of a VM and present…

Computational Physics · Physics 2015-09-22 Bijan Chokoufe Nejad , Thorsten Ohl , Jürgen Reuter

Solidity is the dominant programming language for Ethereum smart contracts. This paper presents a high-level formalization of the Solidity language with a focus on the memory model. The presented formalization covers all features of the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Ákos Hajdu , Dejan Jovanović

Identifying dependency call graphs of multilanguage software systems using static code analysis is challenging. The different languages used in developing today's systems often have different lexical, syntactical, and semantic rules that…

Fine grained information flow monitoring can in principle address a wide range of security and privacy goals, for example in web applications. But it is very difficult to achieve sound monitoring with acceptable runtime cost and sufficient…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-05-11 Mounir Assaf , David A. Naumann

EMV is the international protocol standard for smartcard payment and is used in over 9 billion cards worldwide. Despite the standard's advertised security, various issues have been previously uncovered, deriving from logical flaws that are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-18 David Basin , Ralf Sasse , Jorge Toro-Pozo

Static analysis is the analysis of a program without executing it, usually carried out by an automated tool. Symbolic execution is a popular static analysis technique used both in program verification and in bug detection software. It works…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Gabor Horvath , Reka Kovacs , Zoltan Porkolab

Smart contract vulnerabilities have caused billions in financial losses, raising questions about whether programming language paradigms can reduce security overhead. While imperative languages like Solidity require developers to manually…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Matteo Vaccargiu , Andrea Pinna , Maria Ilaria Lunesu , Giuseppe Destefanis

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely adopted due to their great performance across a wide range of applications. ChatGPT and Gemini now serve hundreds of millions of active users and handle billions of user requests per day, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhuolun Dong , Junyu Cao

Variational algorithms are a representative class of quantum computing workloads that combine quantum and classical computing. This paper presents an LLVM-based C++ compiler toolchain to efficiently execute variational hybrid…

Smart contracts on a blockchain behave precisely as specified by their code. A vulnerability in this code can lead to unexpected behaviour, which is hard to fix because a blockchain does not allow to change smart contract code after its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Markus Knecht

Variational execution is a novel dynamic analysis technique for exploring highly configurable systems and accurately tracking information flow. It is able to efficiently analyze many configurations by aggressively sharing redundancies of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Chu-Pan Wong , Jens Meinicke , Lukas Lazarek , Christian Kästner

Vision-language models (VLMs) have recently expanded from static image understanding to video reasoning, but their scalability is fundamentally limited by the quadratic cost of processing dense frame sequences. Long videos often exceed the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Natan Bagrov , Eugene Khvedchenia , Borys Tymchenko , Shay Aharon , Lior Kadoch , Tomer Keren , Ofri Masad , Yonatan Geifman , Ran Zilberstein , Tuomas Rintamaki , Matthieu Le , Andrew Tao

We discuss a programming language for real-time audio signal processing that is embedded in the functional language Haskell and uses the Low-Level Virtual Machine as back-end. With that framework we can code with the comfort and type safety…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Henning Thielemann

Inspired by embedded programming languages, an embedded CNL (controlled natural language) is a proper fragment of an entire natural language (its host language), but it has a parser that recognizes the entire host language. This makes it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Aarne Ranta

While Ethereum smart contracts enabled a wide range of blockchain applications, they are extremely vulnerable to different forms of security attacks. Due to the fact that transactions to smart contracts commonly involve cryptocurrency…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Jianbo Gao , Han Liu , Chao Liu , Qingshan Li , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

This article conducts an extensive examination of the persisting challenges related to smart contract attacks within blockchain networks, with a particular focus on the reentrancy attack. It emphasizes the inherent vulnerabilities embedded…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Simone Casale-Brunet , Marco Mattavelli

This paper presents SigVM, a novel blockchain virtual machine that supports an event-driven execution model, enabling developers to build autonomous smart contracts. Contracts in SigVM can emit signal events, on which other contracts can…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Zihan Zhao , Sidi Mohamed Beillahi , Ryan Song , Yuxi Cai , Andreas Veneris , Fan Long

This paper reports on the development and verification of a novel formal symbolic process virtual machine (FSPVM) for verifying the reliability and security of Ethereum smart contracts, denoted as FSPVM-E, completely in Coq proof assistant.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Zheng Yang , Hang Lei