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Recent years have witnessed a substantial increase in the use of deep learning to solve various natural language processing (NLP) problems. Early deep learning models were constrained by their sequential or unidirectional nature, such that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiajia Wang , Jimmy X. Huang , Xinhui Tu , Junmei Wang , Angela J. Huang , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Amran Bhuiyan

Pretrained Masked Language Models (MLMs) have revolutionised NLP in recent years. However, previous work has indicated that off-the-shelf MLMs are not effective as universal lexical or sentence encoders without further task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Fangyu Liu , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen , Nigel Collier

Lexicon information and pre-trained models, such as BERT, have been combined to explore Chinese sequence labelling tasks due to their respective strengths. However, existing methods solely fuse lexicon features via a shallow and random…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Wei Liu , Xiyan Fu , Yue Zhang , Wenming Xiao

Transformer-based language models such as BERT have become foundational in NLP, yet their performance degrades in specialized domains like patents, which contain long, technical, and legally structured text. Prior approaches to patent NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Amirhossein Yousefiramandi , Ciaran Cooney

Pre-trained contextual representations (e.g., BERT) have become the foundation to achieve state-of-the-art results on many NLP tasks. However, large-scale pre-training is computationally expensive. ELECTRA, an early attempt to accelerate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Zhenhui Xu , Linyuan Gong , Guolin Ke , Di He , Shuxin Zheng , Liwei Wang , Jiang Bian , Tie-Yan Liu

This paper investigates how to effectively incorporate a pre-trained masked language model (MLM), such as BERT, into an encoder-decoder (EncDec) model for grammatical error correction (GEC). The answer to this question is not as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Masahiro Kaneko , Masato Mita , Shun Kiyono , Jun Suzuki , Kentaro Inui

A Lite BERT (ALBERT) has been introduced to scale up deep bidirectional representation learning for natural languages. Due to the lack of pretrained ALBERT models for Korean language, the best available practice is the multilingual model or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Hyunjae Lee , Jaewoong Yoon , Bonggyu Hwang , Seongho Joe , Seungjai Min , Youngjune Gwon

Pre-trained multilingual language models such as mBERT have shown immense gains for several natural language processing (NLP) tasks, especially in the zero-shot cross-lingual setting. Most, if not all, of these pre-trained models rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Aditi Chaudhary , Karthik Raman , Krishna Srinivasan , Jiecao Chen

Obtaining large-scale annotated data for NLP tasks in the scientific domain is challenging and expensive. We release SciBERT, a pretrained language model based on BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) to address the lack of high-quality, large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Iz Beltagy , Kyle Lo , Arman Cohan

Pretrained contextualized text representation models learn an effective representation of a natural language to make it machine understandable. After the breakthrough of the attention mechanism, a new generation of pretrained models have…

Large scale self-supervised pre-training of Transformer language models has advanced the field of Natural Language Processing and shown promise in cross-application to the biological `languages' of proteins and DNA. Learning effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Meredith V. Trotter , Cuong Q. Nguyen , Stephen Young , Rob T. Woodruff , Kim M. Branson

Unsupervised cross-lingual pretraining has achieved strong results in neural machine translation (NMT), by drastically reducing the need for large parallel data. Most approaches adapt masked-language modeling (MLM) to sequence-to-sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Christos Baziotis , Ivan Titov , Alexandra Birch , Barry Haddow

Ancient Chinese is the essence of Chinese culture. There are several natural language processing tasks of ancient Chinese domain, such as ancient-modern Chinese translation, poem generation, and couplet generation. Previous studies usually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Huishuang Tian , Kexin Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jiancheng Lv

The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model has achieved the state-of-the-art performance for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Yet, limited research has been contributed to studying its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Zimin Wan , Chenchen Xu , Hanna Suominen

Lately, pre-trained language models advanced the field of natural language processing (NLP). The introduction of Bidirectional Encoders for Transformers (BERT) and its optimized version RoBERTa have had significant impact and increased the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Raphael Scheible , Fabian Thomczyk , Patric Tippmann , Victor Jaravine , Martin Boeker

Recent years have witnessed the burgeoning of pretrained language models (LMs) for text-based natural language (NL) understanding tasks. Such models are typically trained on free-form NL text, hence may not be suitable for tasks like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Pengcheng Yin , Graham Neubig , Wen-tau Yih , Sebastian Riedel

With the growing amount of text in health data, there have been rapid advances in large pre-trained models that can be applied to a wide variety of biomedical tasks with minimal task-specific modifications. Emphasizing the cost of these…

In natural language processing (NLP), the focus has shifted from encoder-only tiny language models like BERT to decoder-only large language models(LLMs) such as GPT-3. However, LLMs' practical application in the financial sector has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xuan Xu , Fufang Wen , Beilin Chu , Zhibing Fu , Qinhong Lin , Jiaqi Liu , Binjie Fei , Yu Li , Linna Zhou , Zhongliang Yang

In this work, we represent Lex-BERT, which incorporates the lexicon information into Chinese BERT for named entity recognition (NER) tasks in a natural manner. Instead of using word embeddings and a newly designed transformer layer as in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Wei Zhu , Daniel Cheung

Fine-tuning of pre-trained transformer networks such as BERT yield state-of-the-art results for text classification tasks. Typically, fine-tuning is performed on task-specific training datasets in a supervised manner. One can also fine-tune…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Gregor Wiedemann , Seid Muhie Yimam , Chris Biemann