English
Related papers

Related papers: SCELMo: Source Code Embeddings from Language Model…

200 papers

Embedding matrices are key components in neural natural language processing (NLP) models that are responsible to provide numerical representations of input tokens.\footnote{In this paper words and subwords are referred to as \textit{tokens}…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Krtin Kumar , Peyman Passban , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Yiu Sing Lau , Qun Liu

Free monads (and their variants) have become a popular general-purpose tool for representing the semantics of effectful programs in proof assistants. These data structures support the compositional definition of semantics parameterized by…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Yao Li , Stephanie Weirich

With an increase of dataset availability, the potential for learning from a variety of data sources has increased. One particular method to improve learning from multiple data sources is to embed the data source during training. This allows…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Rob van der Goot , Miryam de Lhoneux

Understanding the locus of semantic representation in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for interpretability and architectural innovation. The dominant paradigm posits that trainable input embeddings serve as foundational "meaning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 A. Bochkov

Traditional neural word embeddings are usually dependent on a richer diversity of vocabulary. However, the language models recline to cover major vocabularies via the word embedding parameters, in particular, for multilingual language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Amit Kumar Jaiswal , Haiming Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Santu Karmaker

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable advancement in various NLP tasks. As such, a popular trend has emerged lately where NLP researchers extract word/sentence/document embeddings from these large decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yash Mahajan , Matthew Freestone , Naman Bansal , Sathyanarayanan Aakur , Shubhra Kanti Karmaker Santu

We provide the first exploration of sentence embeddings from text-to-text transformers (T5). Sentence embeddings are broadly useful for language processing tasks. While T5 achieves impressive performance on language tasks cast as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Jianmo Ni , Gustavo Hernández Ábrego , Noah Constant , Ji Ma , Keith B. Hall , Daniel Cer , Yinfei Yang

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

Word embeddings represent a transformative technology for analyzing text data in social work research, offering sophisticated tools for understanding case notes, policy documents, research literature, and other text-based materials. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Brian E. Perron , Kelley A. Rivenburgh , Bryan G. Victor , Zia Qi , Hui Luan

Recently, code language models have achieved notable advancements in addressing a diverse array of essential code comprehension and generation tasks. Yet, the field lacks a comprehensive deep dive and understanding of the code embeddings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Saiteja Utpala , Alex Gu , Pin Yu Chen

We experiment with two recent contextualized word embedding methods (ELMo and BERT) in the context of open-domain argument search. For the first time, we show how to leverage the power of contextualized word embeddings to classify and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Nils Reimers , Benjamin Schiller , Tilman Beck , Johannes Daxenberger , Christian Stab , Iryna Gurevych

Distributional semantics based on neural approaches is a cornerstone of Natural Language Processing, with surprising connections to human meaning representation as well. Recent Transformer-based Language Models have proven capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Daniel Loureiro , Alípio Mário Jorge , Jose Camacho-Collados

Neural word representations have proven useful in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks due to their ability to efficiently model complex semantic and syntactic word relationships. However, most techniques model only one representation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Andrew Trask , Phil Michalak , John Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been explored as powerful text embedders. Existing LLM-based text embedding approaches often leverage the embedding of the final token, typically a reserved special token such as [EOS].…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chang Su , Dengliang Shi , Siyuan Huang , Jintao Du , Changhua Meng , Yu Cheng , Weiqiang Wang , Zhouhan Lin

The current dominance of deep neural networks in natural language processing is based on contextual embeddings such as ELMo, BERT, and BERT derivatives. Most existing work focuses on English; in contrast, we present here the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Matej Ulčar , Aleš Žagar , Carlos S. Armendariz , Andraž Repar , Senja Pollak , Matthew Purver , Marko Robnik-Šikonja

Neural network-based representations ("embeddings") have dramatically advanced natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including clinical NLP tasks such as concept extraction. Recently, however, more advanced embedding methods and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Yuqi Si , Jingqi Wang , Hua Xu , Kirk Roberts

Cross-lingual transfer learning is an important property of multilingual large language models (LLMs). But how do LLMs represent relationships between languages? Every language model has an input layer that maps tokens to vectors. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Andrea W Wen-Yi , David Mimno

Researchers have recently suggested that models share common representations. In our work, we find numerous geometric similarities across the token embeddings of large language models. First, we find ``global'' similarities: token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Andrew Lee , Melanie Weber , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg

With the rise of large language models (LLMs) for flexibly processing information as strings, a natural application is regression, specifically by preprocessing string representations into LLM embeddings as downstream features for metric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Eric Tang , Bangding Yang , Xingyou Song