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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in reasoning tasks, but their performance on linguistics puzzles remains consistently poor. These puzzles, often derived from Linguistics Olympiad (LO) contests, provide a minimal…

Exploring the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in puzzle solving unveils critical insights into their potential and challenges in AI, marking a significant step towards understanding their applicability in complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Panagiotis Giadikiaroglou , Maria Lymperaiou , Giorgos Filandrianos , Giorgos Stamou

In this paper, we examine linguistic puzzles used in high school linguistics competitions, focusing on two common formats: Rosetta Stone and Match-Up. We propose a systematic procedure for converting existing Rosetta Stone puzzles into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Neh Majmudar , Anne Huang , Jinfan Frank Hu , Elena Filatova

In this paper, we present the LingOly benchmark, a novel benchmark for advanced reasoning abilities in large language models. Using challenging Linguistic Olympiad puzzles, we evaluate (i) capabilities for in-context identification and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Andrew M. Bean , Simi Hellsten , Harry Mayne , Jabez Magomere , Ethan A. Chi , Ryan Chi , Scott A. Hale , Hannah Rose Kirk

In this paper, we introduce a combination of novel and exciting tasks: the solution and generation of linguistic puzzles. We focus on puzzles used in Linguistic Olympiads for high school students. We first extend the existing benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Neh Majmudar , Elena Filatova

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated solid zero-shot reasoning capabilities, which is reflected in their performance on the current test tasks. This calls for a more challenging benchmark requiring highly advanced reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Maksym Del , Mark Fishel

Algorithmic reasoning is a fundamental cognitive ability that plays a pivotal role in problem-solving and decision-making processes. Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as motor control,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Benjamin Estermann , Luca A. Lanzendörfer , Yannick Niedermayr , Roger Wattenhofer

This paper investigates the utilization of Large Language Models (LLMs) for solving complex linguistic puzzles, a domain requiring advanced reasoning and adept translation capabilities akin to human cognitive processes. We explore specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zheng-Lin Lin , Yu-Fei Shih , Shu-Kai Hsieh

We introduce modeLing, a novel benchmark of Linguistics Olympiad-style puzzles which tests few-shot reasoning in AI systems. Solving these puzzles necessitates inferring aspects of a language's grammatical structure from a small number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Nathan A. Chi , Teodor Malchev , Riley Kong , Ryan A. Chi , Lucas Huang , Ethan A. Chi , R. Thomas McCoy , Dragomir Radev

The success of language models has inspired the NLP community to attend to tasks that require implicit and complex reasoning, relying on human-like commonsense mechanisms. While such vertical thinking tasks have been relatively popular,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Yifan Jiang , Filip Ilievski , Kaixin Ma , Zhivar Sourati

Puzzles have long served as compact and revealing probes of human cognition, isolating abstraction, rule discovery, and systematic reasoning with minimal reliance on prior knowledge. Leveraging these properties, visual puzzles have recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Maria Lymperaiou , Vasileios Karampinis , Giorgos Filandrianos , Angelos Vlachos , Chrysoula Zerva , Athanasios Voulodimos

Large language models (LLMs) excel at many supervised tasks but often struggle with structured reasoning in unfamiliar settings. This discrepancy suggests that standard fine-tuning pipelines may instill narrow, domain-specific heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Zhen Hao Wong , Jingwen Deng , Runming He , Zirong Chen , Qijie You , Hejun Dong , Hao Liang , Chengyu Shen , Bin Cui , Wentao Zhang

This paper introduces the novel task of multimodal puzzle solving, framed within the context of visual question-answering. We present a new dataset, AlgoPuzzleVQA designed to challenge and evaluate the capabilities of multimodal language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Deepanway Ghosal , Vernon Toh Yan Han , Chia Yew Ken , Soujanya Poria

Crosswords are a form of word puzzle that require a solver to demonstrate a high degree of proficiency in natural language understanding, wordplay, reasoning, and world knowledge, along with adherence to character and length constraints. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Soumadeep Saha , Sutanoya Chakraborty , Saptarshi Saha , Utpal Garain

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on various benchmarks, yet their ability to engage in deliberate reasoning remains questionable. We present NYT-Connections, a collection of 358 simple word classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Angel Yahir Loredo Lopez , Tyler McDonald , Ali Emami

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse domains, ensuring their safety has become a critical concern. In response, studies on jailbreak attacks have been actively growing. Existing approaches typically rely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yelim Ahn , Jaejin Lee

Spatial reasoning is a core component of human cognition, enabling individuals to perceive, comprehend, and interact with the physical world. It relies on a nuanced understanding of spatial structures and inter-object relationships, serving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Zesen Lyu , Dandan Zhang , Wei Ye , Fangdi Li , Zhihang Jiang , Yao Yang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in handling complex queries, much of the past work has depended on extensively annotated datasets by human experts. However, this reliance on fully-supervised annotations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Yongqi Tong , Sizhe Wang , Dawei Li , Yifan Wang , Simeng Han , Zi Lin , Chengsong Huang , Jiaxin Huang , Jingbo Shang

As language models master existing reasoning benchmarks, we need new challenges to evaluate their cognitive frontiers. Puzzle-solving events are rich repositories of challenging multimodal problems that test a wide range of advanced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Clinton J. Wang , Dean Lee , Cristina Menghini , Johannes Mols , Jack Doughty , Adam Khoja , Jayson Lynch , Sean Hendryx , Summer Yue , Dan Hendrycks

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo
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