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To forecast the time dynamics of an epidemic, we propose a discrete stochastic model that unifies and generalizes previous approaches to the subject. Viewing a given population of individuals or groups of individuals with given health state…

In this paper, we consider an optimal distributed control problem for a reaction-diffusion-based SIR epidemic model with human behavioral effects. We develop a model wherein non-pharmaceutical intervention methods are implemented, but a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-02-11 Marcelo Bongarti , Christian Parkinson , Weinan Wang

Given multiple new COVID-19 variants are continuously emerging, non-pharmaceutical interventions are still primary control strategies to curb the further spread of coronavirus. However, implementing strict interventions over extended…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-01 Xiao Zhou , Xiaohu Zhang , Paolo Santi , Carlo Ratti

When a new infectious disease (or a new strain of an existing one) emerges, as in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, different types of mobility restrictions are considered to slow down or mitigate the spread of the disease. The measures to be…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-21 Jõao Gabriel Simões Delboni , Gabriel Fabricius

As COVID-19 is rapidly spreading across the globe, short-term modeling forecasts provide time-critical information for decisions on containment and mitigation strategies. A main challenge for short-term forecasts is the assessment of key…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-17 Jonas Dehning , Johannes Zierenberg , F. Paul Spitzner , Michael Wibral , Joao Pinheiro Neto , Michael Wilczek , Viola Priesemann

We propose a compartmental model for epidemiology wherein the population is split into groups with either comply or refuse to comply with protocols designed to slow the spread of a disease. Parallel to the disease spread, we assume that…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-11-27 Christian Parkinson , Weinan Wang

The rapid spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) confronts policy makers with the problem of measuring the effectiveness of containment strategies, balancing public health considerations with the economic costs of social distancing measures.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-04-02 Claudius Gros , Roser Valenti , Lukas Schneider , Kilian Valenti , Daniel Gros

Attempts to control the epidemic spread of COVID19 in the different countries often involve imposing restrictions to the mobility of citizens. Recent examples demonstrate that the effectiveness of these policies strongly depends on the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-07-10 Alejandro Carballosa , Mariamo Mussa-Juane , Alberto P. Muñuzuri

Effective epidemic control is crucial for mitigating the spread of infectious diseases, particularly when pharmaceutical interventions such as vaccines or treatments are limited. Non-pharmaceutical strategies, including mobility…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-12-03 Deborah Volpe , Giacomo Orlandi , Mattia Boggio , Carlo Novara , Lorenzo Zino , Giovanna Turvani

Health-policy planning requires evidence on the burden that epidemics place on healthcare systems. Multiple, often dependent, datasets provide a noisy and fragmented signal from the unobserved epidemic process including transmission and…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-11 Alice Corbella , Anne M Presanis , Paul J Birrell , Daniela De Angelis

In this paper we introduce a space-dependent multiscale model to describe the spatial spread of an infectious disease under uncertain data with particular interest in simulating the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. While virus…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-31 Giulia Bertaglia , Walter Boscheri , Giacomo Dimarco , Lorenzo Pareschi

In this study initially, we propose an age structured model and calculate the equilibrium points and basic reproduction number. Later we propose an optimal control problem to understand the roles of treatment in controlling the epidemic.…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-12-15 Bishal Chhetri , D. K. K Vamsi , Carani B Sanjeevi

An urgent problem in controlling COVID-19 spreading is to understand the role of undocumented infection. We develop a five-state model for COVID-19, taking into account the unique features of the novel coronavirus, with key parameters…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-03-27 Yong-Shang Long , Zheng-Meng Zhai , Li-Lei Han , Jie Kang , Yi-Lin Li , Zhao-Hua Lin , Lang Zeng , Da-Yu Wu , Chang-Qing Hao , Ming Tang , Zonghua Liu , Ying-Cheng Lai

There is increasing evidence that one of the most difficult problems in trying to control the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic is the presence of a large cohort of asymptomatic infectives. We develop a SIR-type model taking into account the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-06-29 Giuseppe Gaeta

Due to modern transportation networks (airplanes, cruise ships, etc.) an epidemic in a given country or city may be triggered by the arrival of external infected agents. Posterior government quarantine policies are usually taken in order to…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-06 L. A. Rodríguez Palomino , Adrián A. Budini

India is one of the worst affected countries by the Covid-19 pandemic at present. We studied publicly available data of the Covid-19 patients in India and analyzed possible impacts of quarantine and social distancing within the stochastic…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-06-12 Athokpam Langlen Chanu , R. K. Brojen Singh

In this work, the SIR epidemiological model is reformulated so to highlight the important {\em effective reproduction number}, as well as to account for the {\em generation time}, inverse of the {\em incidence rate}, and the {\em infectious…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-27 Ignazio Lazzizzera

Governments across the world are currently facing the task of selecting suitable intervention strategies to cope with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a highly challenging task, since harsh measures may result in economic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-19 Andreas Kasis , Stelios Timotheou , Nima Monshizadeh , Marios Polycarpou

Augmenting classical epidemiological models with information from the social sciences helps unveil the interplay between contagion dynamics and social responses. However, multidisciplinary integration of social analysis and epidemiological…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-07-29 Daniele Proverbio , Riccardo Tessarin , Giulia Giordano

The COVID-19 pandemic left its unique mark on the 21st century as one of the most significant disasters in history, triggering governments all over the world to respond with a wide range of interventions. However, these restrictions come…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Assem Zhunis , Tung-Duong Mai , Sundong Kim