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Evaluating natural language generation (NLG) systems in the medical domain presents unique challenges due to the critical demands for accuracy, relevance, and domain-specific expertise. Traditional automatic evaluation metrics, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Wen-wai Yim , Asma Ben Abacha , Zixuan Yu , Robert Doerning , Fei Xia , Meliha Yetisgen

The paper surveys evaluation methods of natural language generation (NLG) systems that have been developed in the last few years. We group NLG evaluation methods into three categories: (1) human-centric evaluation metrics, (2) automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Asli Celikyilmaz , Elizabeth Clark , Jianfeng Gao

In cognitive science and linguistic theory, dialogue is not seen as a chain of independent utterances but rather as a joint activity sustained by coherence, consistency, and shared understanding. However, many systems for open-domain and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tianyi Zhang , David Traum

Code translation is one of the core capabilities of LLMs. However, evaluating the correctness of translations remains difficult, as commonly used metrics such as BLEU measure only syntactic similarity, disregarding program semantics. We…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Julius Näumann , Sven Keidel , Amir Molzam Sharifloo , Mira Mezini

Although current state-of-the-art language models have achieved impressive results in numerous natural language processing tasks, still they could not solve the problem of producing repetitive, dull and sometimes inconsistent text in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 An Nguyen

In recent years, automatic speech-to-speech and speech-to-text translation has gained momentum thanks to advances in artificial intelligence, especially in the domains of speech recognition and machine translation. The quality of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Claudio Fantinuoli , Bianca Prandi

Evaluating large summarization corpora using humans has proven to be expensive from both the organizational and the financial perspective. Therefore, many automatic evaluation metrics have been developed to measure the summarization quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Neslihan Iskender , Oleg Vasilyev , Tim Polzehl , John Bohannon , Sebastian Möller

As synthetic data becomes increasingly prevalent in training language models, particularly through generated dialogue, concerns have emerged that these models may deviate from authentic human language patterns, potentially losing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Xufeng Duan , Bei Xiao , Xuemei Tang , Zhenguang G. Cai

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for automatic summarization but the reasons behind their successes are poorly understood. By conducting a human evaluation on ten LLMs across different pretraining methods, prompts, and model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Tianyi Zhang , Faisal Ladhak , Esin Durmus , Percy Liang , Kathleen McKeown , Tatsunori B. Hashimoto

We propose a method for natural language generation, choosing the most representative output rather than the most likely output. By viewing the language generation process from the voting theory perspective, we define representativeness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Sebastian Borgeaud , Guy Emerson

Systematic reviews are crucial for synthesizing scientific evidence but remain labor-intensive, especially when extracting detailed methodological information. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automating methodological…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenqing Zhang , Trang Nguyen , Elizabeth A. Stuart , Yiqun T. Chen

The performance of natural language generation systems has improved substantially with modern neural networks. At test time they typically employ beam search to avoid locally optimal but globally suboptimal predictions. However, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-18 James Hargreaves , Andreas Vlachos , Guy Emerson

We present bgGLUE(Bulgarian General Language Understanding Evaluation), a benchmark for evaluating language models on Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks in Bulgarian. Our benchmark includes NLU tasks targeting a variety of NLP…

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

We present BLANC, a new approach to the automatic estimation of document summary quality. Our goal is to measure the functional performance of a summary with an objective, reproducible, and fully automated method. Our approach achieves this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Oleg Vasilyev , Vedant Dharnidharka , John Bohannon

Previous research has shown that LLMs have potential in multilingual NLG evaluation tasks. However, existing research has not fully explored the differences in the evaluation capabilities of LLMs across different languages. To this end,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jiayi Chang , Mingqi Gao , Xinyu Hu , Xiaojun Wan

Automatic evaluation comparing candidate translations to human-generated paraphrases of reference translations has recently been proposed by Freitag et al. When used in place of original references, the paraphrased versions produce metric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Markus Freitag , George Foster , David Grangier , Colin Cherry

Language models (LMs) are statistical models trained to assign probability to human-generated text. As such, it is reasonable to question whether they approximate linguistic variability exhibited by humans well. This form of statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Evgenia Ilia , Wilker Aziz

As AI becomes more integral in our lives, the need for transparency and responsibility grows. While natural language explanations (NLEs) are vital for clarifying the reasoning behind AI decisions, evaluating them through human judgments is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Fan Huang , Haewoon Kwak , Kunwoo Park , Jisun An

Evaluation of open-domain dialogue systems is highly challenging and development of better techniques is highlighted time and again as desperately needed. Despite substantial efforts to carry out reliable live evaluation of systems in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Tianbo Ji , Yvette Graham , Gareth J. F. Jones , Chenyang Lyu , Qun Liu