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We generalize the Shannon's information theory in a nonadditive way by focusing on the source coding theorem. The nonadditive information content we adopted is consistent with the concept of the form invariance structure of the nonextensive…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Takuya Yamano

We present associative and causal views of differential privacy. Under the associative view, the possibility of dependencies between data points precludes a simple statement of differential privacy's guarantee as conditioning upon a single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Michael Carl Tschantz , Shayak Sen , Anupam Datta

We study the problem of learning Granger causality between event types from asynchronous, interdependent, multi-type event sequences. Existing work suffers from either limited model flexibility or poor model explainability and thus fails to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Wei Zhang , Thomas Kobber Panum , Somesh Jha , Prasad Chalasani , David Page

The information causality principle is a generalisation of the no-signalling principle which implies some of the known restrictions on quantum correlations. But despite its clear physical motivation, information causality is formulated in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Sabri W. Al-Safi , Anthony J. Short

Much of our experiments are designed to uncover the cause(s) and effect(s) behind a data generating mechanism (i.e., phenomenon) we happen to be interested in. Uncovering such relationships allows us to identify the true working of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 M. Z. Naser

We propose a unifying picture where the notion of generalized entropy is related to information theory by means of a group-theoretical approach. The group structure comes from the requirement that an entropy be well defined with respect to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-04-13 Gabriele Sicuro , Piergiulio Tempesta

We examine how causal beliefs affect an agent's choices and how feedback on those choices leads to updated causal beliefs. Building on the structural-equations framework for modeling causality, we first examine the general problem of…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-03-11 Joseph Y. Halpern , Evan Piermont , Marie-Louise Vierø

Does information play a significant role in the foundations of physics? Information is the abstraction that allows us to refer to the states of systems when we choose to ignore the systems themselves. This is only possible in very…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-05 Lluis Masanes , Markus P. Mueller , Remigiusz Augusiak , David Perez-Garcia

In classical causal inference, inferring cause-effect relations from data relies on the assumption that units are independent and identically distributed. This assumption is violated in settings where units are related through a network of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Razieh Nabi , Joel Pfeiffer , Murat Ali Bayir , Denis Charles , Emre Kıcıman

Probability theory is fundamental for modeling uncertainty, with traditional probabilities being real and non-negative. Complex probability extends this concept by allowing complex-valued probabilities, opening new avenues for analysis in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Chan Li , Hejun Xu , Zhu Cao

Causal inference is a critical research topic across many domains, such as statistics, computer science, education, public policy and economics, for decades. Nowadays, estimating causal effect from observational data has become an appealing…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-10 Liuyi Yao , Zhixuan Chu , Sheng Li , Yaliang Li , Jing Gao , Aidong Zhang

Causal inference is often portrayed as fundamentally distinct from predictive modeling, with its own terminology, goals, and intellectual challenges. But at its core, causal inference is simply a structured instance of prediction under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Carlos Fernández-Loría

Identifying causal relationships from observation data is difficult, in large part, due to the presence of hidden common causes. In some cases, where just the right patterns of conditional independence and dependence lie in the data---for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-08 David Heckerman

The work demonstrates that brain might reflect the external world causal relationships in the form of a logically consistent and prognostic model of reality, which shows up as consciousness. The paper analyses and solves the problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Evgenii Vityaev

This work presents a conceptual synthesis of causal discovery and inference frameworks, with a focus on how foundational assumptions -- causal sufficiency, causal faithfulness, and the causal Markov condition -- are formalized and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-23 Hannah E. Correia

This paper discusses the fundamental principles of causal inference - the area of statistics that estimates the effect of specific occurrences, treatments, interventions, and exposures on a given outcome from experimental and observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-03 Francesca Dominici , Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Fabrizia Mealli

In a causal world the direction of the time arrow dictates how past causal events in a variable $X$ produce future effects in $Y$. $X$ is said to cause an effect in $Y$, if the predictability (uncertainty) about the future states of $Y$…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2018-07-24 Ezequiel Bianco-Martinez , Murilo S. Baptista

We conduct an axiomatic study of the problem of estimating the strength of a known causal relationship between a pair of variables. We propose that an estimate of causal strength should be based on the conditional distribution of the effect…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-03 Weihao Gao , Sreeram Kannan , Sewoong Oh , Pramod Viswanath

Mastering the dynamics of social influence requires separating, in a database of information propagation traces, the genuine causal processes from temporal correlation, i.e., homophily and other spurious causes. However, most studies to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Francesco Bonchi , Francesco Gullo , Bud Mishra , Daniele Ramazzotti

This paper examines a commonly used measure of persuasion whose precise interpretation has been obscure in the literature. By using the potential outcome framework, we define the causal persuasion rate by a proper conditional probability of…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-12-02 Sung Jae Jun , Sokbae Lee