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Memory is often defined as the mental capacity of retaining information about facts, events, procedures and more generally about any type of previous experience. Memories are remembered as long as they influence our thoughts, feelings, and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-06-16 Stefano Fusi

Forgetting is in common in daily life, and 50-80% everyday's forgetting is due to prospective memory failures, which have significant impacts on our life. More seriously, some of these memory lapses can bring fatal consequences such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2016-01-26 Jinghua Hou

Associative learning--forming links between co-occurring items--is fundamental to human cognition, reshaping internal representations in complex ways. Testing hypotheses on how representational changes occur in biological systems is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Camila Kolling , Vy Ai Vo , Mariya Toneva

Much of the success of modern language models depends on finding a suitable prompt to instruct the model. Until now, it has been largely unknown how variations in the linguistic expression of prompts affect these models. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Yang Xu , Bela Gipp

It has been observed that neural networks perform poorly when the data or tasks are presented sequentially. Unlike humans, neural networks suffer greatly from catastrophic forgetting, making it impossible to perform life-long learning. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Longhui Yu , Tianyang Hu , Lanqing Hong , Zhen Liu , Adrian Weller , Weiyang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown to be a great success in a wide range of applications ranging from regular NLP-based use cases to AI agents. LLMs have been trained on a vast corpus of texts from various sources; despite the best…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Abhinav Joshi , Shaswati Saha , Divyaksh Shukla , Sriram Vema , Harsh Jhamtani , Manas Gaur , Ashutosh Modi

Modern language models are powerful, but typically static after deployment. A major obstacle to building models that continually learn over time is catastrophic forgetting, where updating on new data erases previously acquired capabilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jessy Lin , Luke Zettlemoyer , Gargi Ghosh , Wen-Tau Yih , Aram Markosyan , Vincent-Pierre Berges , Barlas Oğuz

Large language models exhibit remarkable performance across diverse tasks through pre-training and fine-tuning paradigms. However, continual fine-tuning on sequential tasks induces catastrophic forgetting, where newly acquired knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Olaf Yunus Laitinen Imanov

Catastrophic forgetting is a problem faced by many machine learning models and algorithms. When trained on one task, then trained on a second task, many machine learning models "forget" how to perform the first task. This is widely believed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-03-05 Ian J. Goodfellow , Mehdi Mirza , Da Xiao , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

The concept of inflection classes is an abstraction used by linguists, and provides a means to describe patterns in languages that give an analogical base for deducing previously unencountered forms. This ability is an important part of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Peter Dekker , Heikki Rasilo , Bart de Boer

Language models deployed in the wild make errors. However, simply updating the model with the corrected error instances causes catastrophic forgetting -- the updated model makes errors on instances learned during the instruction tuning or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Xisen Jin , Xiang Ren

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) can cause them to lose their general capabilities. However, the intrinsic mechanisms behind such forgetting remain unexplored. In this paper, we begin by examining this phenomenon by focusing on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Gangwei Jiang , Zhaoyi Li , Defu Lian , Ying Wei

Continual learning (CL) has emerged as a pivotal paradigm to enable large language models (LLMs) to dynamically adapt to evolving knowledge and sequential tasks while mitigating catastrophic forgetting-a critical limitation of the static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hongyang Chen , Zhongwu Sun , Hongfei Ye , Kunchi Li , Xuemin Lin

Learning a high-dimensional dense representation for vocabulary terms, also known as a word embedding, has recently attracted much attention in natural language processing and information retrieval tasks. The embedding vectors are typically…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Hamed Zamani , W. Bruce Croft

Multimodal continual instruction tuning enables multimodal large language models to sequentially adapt to new tasks while building upon previously acquired knowledge. However, this continual learning paradigm faces the significant challenge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Songze Li , Mingyu Gao , Tonghua Su , Xu-Yao Zhang , Zhongjie Wang

Lifelong language learning seeks to have models continuously learn multiple tasks in a sequential order without suffering from catastrophic forgetting. State-of-the-art approaches rely on sparse experience replay as the primary approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Vladimir Araujo , Helena Balabin , Julio Hurtado , Alvaro Soto , Marie-Francine Moens

Despite the success of language models using neural networks, it remains unclear to what extent neural models have the generalization ability to perform inferences. In this paper, we introduce a method for evaluating whether neural models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki , Kentaro Inui

Contrastive representation learning has emerged as a promising technique for continual learning as it can learn representations that are robust to catastrophic forgetting and generalize well to unseen future tasks. Previous work in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Rouzbeh Meshkinnejad , Jie Mei , Daniel Lizotte , Yalda Mohsenzadeh

Humans learn language by interaction with their environment and listening to other humans. It should also be possible for computational models to learn language directly from speech but so far most approaches require text. We improve on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Danny Merkx , Stefan L. Frank , Mirjam Ernestus

Hopfield neural networks are a possible basis for modelling associative memory in living organisms. After summarising previous studies in the field, we take a new look at learning rules, exhibiting them as descent-type algorithms for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Pavel Tolmachev , Jonathan H. Manton