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Every day, internet thieves employ new ways to obtain personal identity people and get access to their personal information. Phishing is a somehow complex method that has recently been considered by internet thieves.The present study aims…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-09 Shahrzad Sedaghat

In this paper, we propose a feature-free method for detecting phishing websites using the Normalized Compression Distance (NCD), a parameter-free similarity measure which computes the similarity of two websites by compressing them, thus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Rizka Purwanto , Arindam Pal , Alan Blair , Sanjay Jha

Phishing kits are tools that dark side experts provide to the community of criminal phishers to facilitate the construction of malicious Web sites. As these kits evolve in sophistication, providers of Web-based services need to keep pace…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Andrea Venturi , Michele Colajanni , Marco Ramilli , Giorgio Valenziano Santangelo

Recently, the development and implementation of phishing attacks require little technical skills and costs. This uprising has led to an ever-growing number of phishing attacks on the World Wide Web. Consequently, proactive techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Chidimma Opara , Bo Wei , Yingke Chen

The way we communicate and work has changed significantly with the rise of the Internet. While it has opened up new opportunities, it has also brought about an increase in cyber threats. One common and serious threat is phishing, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Furkan Çolhak , Mert İlhan Ecevit , Bilal Emir Uçar , Reiner Creutzburg , Hasan Dağ

The proliferation of mobile devices and online interactions have been threatened by different cyberattacks, where phishing attacks and malicious Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) pose significant risks to user security. Traditional phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wenye Guo , Qun Wang , Hao Yue , Haijian Sun , Rose Qingyang Hu

Anti-phishing aims to detect phishing content/documents in a pool of textual data. This is an important problem in cybersecurity that can help to guard users from fraudulent information. Natural language processing (NLP) offers a natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-07 Minh Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Thien Huu Nguyen

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

Phishing webpages are continuously polluting the Web. Plenty of countermeasures have been proposed and the most advanced techniques leverage machine-learning methods that infer whether a webpage is benign or not by inspecting its visual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Ying Yuan , Cristiano Alex Rado , Giovanni Apruzzese , Mauro Conti , Luigi Vincenzo Mancini

In this research, we aim to explore the potential of natural language models (NLMs) such as GPT-3 and GPT-2 to generate effective phishing emails. Phishing emails are fraudulent messages that aim to trick individuals into revealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Rabimba Karanjai

We examined the influence of three social engineering strategies on users' judgments of how safe it is to click on a link in an email. The three strategies examined were authority, scarcity and social proof, and the emails were either…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Marcus Butavicius , Kathryn Parsons , Malcolm Pattinson , Agata McCormac

Phishing websites remain a major cybersecurity threat, yet existing methods primarily focus on detection, while the recognition of underlying malicious intentions remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

Email tracking allows email senders to collect fine-grained behavior and location data on email recipients, who are uniquely identifiable via their email address. Such tracking invades user privacy in that email tracking techniques gather…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-12 Johannes Haupt , Benedict Bender , Benjamin Fabian , Stefan Lessmann

The large-scale deployment of modern phishing attacks relies on the automatic exploitation of vulnerable websites in the wild, to maximize profit while hindering attack traceability, detection and blacklisting. To the best of our knowledge,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-04 Igino Corona , Battista Biggio , Matteo Contini , Luca Piras , Roberto Corda , Mauro Mereu , Guido Mureddu , Davide Ariu , Fabio Roli

Phishing attacks, typically carried out by email, remain a significant cybersecurity threat with attackers creating legitimate-looking websites to deceive recipients into revealing sensitive information or executing harmful actions. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Wei Kang , Nan Wang , Jang Seung , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba

Phishing attacks frequently use email body obfuscation to bypass detection filters, but quantitative insights into how techniques are combined and their impact on filter scores remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by empirically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Antony Dalmiere , Zheng Zhou , Guillaume Auriol , Vincent Nicomette , Pascal Marchand

SMS Phishing (also known as 'smishing') is a growing deceptive social engineering (SE) attack that leverages mobile SMS to conduct cybercrimes such as stealing sensitive information or spreading malware by tricking users into interacting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mir Mehedi A. Pritom , Seyed Mohammad Sanjari , Maraz Mia , Ashfak Md Shibli , S M Mostaq Hossain , Muhammad Ismail , Shouhuai Xu

Cyber attacks such as phishing, IRS scams, etc., still are successful in fooling Internet users. Users are the last line of defense against these attacks since attackers seem to always find a way to bypass security systems. Understanding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Shahryar Baki , Rakesh M. Verma , Arjun Mukherjee , Omprakash Gnawali

Phishing is a semantic attack which targets the user rather than the computer. It is a new Internet crime in comparison with other forms such as virus and hacking. Considering the damage phishing websites has caused to various economies by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Nancy C. Woods , Virtue Ene Agada , Adebola K. Ojo

Internet technology is so pervasive today, for example, from online social networking to online banking, it has made people's lives more comfortable. Due the growth of Internet technology, security threats to systems and networks are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-30 B. B. Gupta , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Konstantinos E. Psannis