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Over the past years, the share of electricity production from wind power plants has increased to significant levels in several power systems across Europe and the United States. In order to cope with the fluctuating and partially…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-01-19 Line Roald , Sidhant Misra , Michael Chertkov , Scott Backhaus , Göran Andersson

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources exacerbates the spatial and temporal differences in frequency across the power system, posing a serious challenge to the accurate and efficient assessment of system frequency security.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Changjun He , Hua Geng , Xiuqiang He , Chen Shen , Yushuang Liu

Large-scale deployment of RES has led to significant generation shares of variable RES in power systems worldwide. RES units, notably inverter-connected wind turbines and PV that as such do not provide rotational inertia, are effectively…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-12-23 Andreas Ulbig , Theodor S. Borsche , Göran Andersson

As renewable wind energy penetration rates continue to increase, one of the major challenges facing grid operators is the question of how to control transmission grids in a reliable and a cost-efficient manner. The stochastic nature of wind…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Kaarthik Sundar , Harsha Nagarajan , Miles Lubin , Line Roald , Sidhant Misra , Russell Bent , Daniel Bienstock

A major transition in modern power systems is the replacement of conventional generation units with renewable sources of energy. The latter results in lower rotational inertia which compromises the stability of the power system, as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Andreas Kasis , Stelios Timotheou , Marios Polycarpou

Introduction of renewable generation leads to significant reduction of inertia in power system, which deteriorates the quality of frequency control. This paper suggests a new control scheme utilizing controllable load to deal with low…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-11-30 Oleg O. Khamisov , Janusz W. Bialek , Anatoly Dymarsky

Additional active power control (AAPC) of wind turbines (WTs) is essential to improve the transient frequency stability of low-inertia power systems. Most of the existing research has focused on imitating the frequency response of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Yubo Zhang , Zhiguo Hao , Songhao Yang , Baohui Zhang

In high-renewable power systems, active-power disturbances are becoming larger and exhibit increasingly diverse time scales, which complicates frequency stability assessment under unanticipated events. This paper presents a response-based…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Jinhui Chen , Huadong Sun , Ping Wu , Baocai Wang , Bing Zhao

This paper analyzes how power injections affect frequency quality in power systems. We first derive a general expression linking active and reactive power injections at buses to the system's frequency. This formulation explicitly considers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Angel Vaca , Federico Milano

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Unscheduled islanding events of microgrids result in the transition between grid-connected and islanded modes and induce a sudden and unknown power imbalance, posing a threat to frequency security. To achieve seamless islanding, we propose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-09 Lun Yang , Haoxiang Yang , Xiaoyu Cao , Xiaohong Guan

To ensure reliable operation of power grids, their frequency shall stay within strict bounds. Multiple sources of disturbances cause fluctuations of the grid frequency, ranging from changing demand over volatile feed-in to energy trading.…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-03-29 Benjamin Schäfer , Marc Timme , Dirk Witthaut

With increasing installation of wind and solar generation, conventional synchronous generators in power systems are gradually displaced resulting in a significant reduction in system inertia. Maintaining system frequency within acceptable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-31 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

A new control approach is proposed for the grid insertion of Power Park Modules (PPMs). It allows full participation of these modules to ancillary services. This means that, not only their control have some positive impact on the grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-06 Bogdan Marinescu , Elkhatib Kamal , Hoang-Trung Ngo

This paper proposes a novel approach for optimal energy and reserve scheduling of wind farms by explicitly modelling wake interactions to enhance market participation and operational efficiency. Conventional methods often neglect wake…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-14 Marin Mabboux-Fort , Majid Bastankhah , Peter C Matthews , Mokhtar Bozorg

The paper discusses fast frequency control in bulk power systems using embedded networks of grid-forming energy storage resources. Differing from their traditional roles of regulating reserves, the storage resources in this work operate as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Kaustav Chatterjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Diane Baldwin , Ronald Melton

The increasing penetration of non-synchronous renewable energy sources (NS-RES) alters the dynamic characteristic, and consequently, the frequency behaviour of a power system. To accurately identify these changing trends and address them in…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-08-03 Ahmad Shabir Ahmadyar , Shariq Riaz , Gregor Verbic , Archie Chapman , David J. Hill

Wind farms can be regarded as complex systems that are, on the one hand, coupled to the nonlinear, stochastic characteristics of weather and, on the other hand, strongly influenced by supervisory control mechanisms. One crucial problem in…

Applications · Statistics 2021-01-22 Tobias Braun , Matthias Waechter , Joachim Peinke , Thomas Guhr

The AC frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-13 Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

Computer models being developed to understand the interaction between demand-response technology, power system deregulation and market transformation depend in part on understanding the relationship between system frequency and…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2007-05-23 David P. Chassin , Zhenyu Huang , Matthew K. Donnelly , Candee Hassler , Enrique Ramirez , Cody Ray