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Over the past two decades, the field of high-dimensional statistics has experienced substantial progress, driven largely by technological advances that have dramatically reduced the cost and effort for data collection and storage across a…

For classification, the problem of class imbalance is well known and has been extensively studied. In this paper, we argue that imbalance in regression is an equally important problem which has so far been overlooked: Due to under- and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Daniel Kowatsch , Nicolas M. Müller , Kilian Tscharke , Philip Sperl , Konstantin Bötinger

The most important problems for society are describable only in vague terms, dependent on subjective positions, and missing highly relevant data. This thesis is intended to revive and further develop the view that giving non-trivial,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Robert Dustin Wehr

The use of historical estimates in current studies is common in a wide variety of application areas. Nevertheless, despite their routine use the uncertainty associated with historical estimates is rarely properly accounted for in the…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-07-03 Ori Davidov , Tamas Rudas

Statistical inference is the science of drawing conclusions about some system from data. In modern signal processing and machine learning, inference is done in very high dimension: very many unknown characteristics about the system have to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-10-29 Jean Barbier

A critically challenging problem facing statisticians is the identification of a suitable framework which consolidates data of various types, from different sources, and across different time frames or scales (many of which can be missing),…

Applications · Statistics 2012-03-02 Karen Kafadar

What is Statistics? Opinions vary. In fact, there is a continuous spectrum of attitudes toward statistics ranging from pure theoreticians, proving asymptotic efficiency and searching for most powerful tests, to wild practitioners, blindly…

Applications · Statistics 2016-03-17 Konstantin Zuev

As artificial intelligence and machine learning tools become more accessible, and scientists face new obstacles to data collection (e.g., rising costs, declining survey response rates), researchers increasingly use predictions from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-08 Stephen Salerno , Kentaro Hoffman , Awan Afiaz , Anna Neufeld , Tyler H. McCormick , Jeffrey T. Leek

Traditional statistical inference considers relatively small data sets and the corresponding theoretical analysis focuses on the asymptotic behavior of a statistical estimator when the number of samples approaches infinity. However, many…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-01-03 Jon Wellner , Tong Zhang

Introductory statistical inference texts and courses treat the point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation problems separately, with primary emphasis on large-sample approximations. Here I present an alternative approach…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2017-07-14 Ryan Martin

Missing data are an unavoidable complication in many machine learning tasks. When data are `missing at random' there exist a range of tools and techniques to deal with the issue. However, as machine learning studies become more ambitious,…

Learning representations of data is an important problem in statistics and machine learning. While the origin of learning representations can be traced back to factor analysis and multidimensional scaling in statistics, it has become a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-27 Jianwen Xie , Ruiqi Gao , Erik Nijkamp , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Causality is a subject of philosophical debate and a central scientific issue with a long history. In the statistical domain, the study of cause and effect based on the notion of `fairness' in comparisons dates back several hundred years,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-04-06 Erica EM Moodie , David A Stephens

Statistical thinking partially depends upon an iterative process by which essential features of a problem setting are identified and mapped onto an abstract model or archetype, and then translated back into the context of the original…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-02-21 Matthew Beckman , Robert delMas

Inference and prediction are fundamental to the study of complex systems, where network data are often incomplete, inaccurate or obtained indirectly. In this paper, we review recent advances in network sampling and comparison, as well as in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-09 Francisco A. Rodrigues

Null hypothesis significance testing remains popular despite decades of concern about misuse and misinterpretation. We believe that much of the problem is due to language: significance testing has little to do with other meanings of the…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2018-10-16 Jonathan Dushoff , Morgan P. Kain , Benjamin M. Bolker

There is a general agreement that it is important to consider the practical relevance of an effect in addition to its statistical significance, yet a formal definition of practical relevance is still pending and shall be provided within…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-20 Patrick Schwaferts , Thomas Augustin

This paper proposes a three-year average of social attention as a more reliable measure of social impact for journals, since the social attention of research can vary widely among scientific articles, even within the same journal. The…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Pablo Dorta-González

Large Language Models (LLMs) have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements of LLM inference pose challenges for deployment in…

This paper, which is dedicated to Alan Turing on the 50th anniversary of his death, gives an overview and discusses the philosophical implications of incompleteness, uncomputability and randomness.

History and Overview · Mathematics 2007-05-23 G. J. Chaitin