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The presence of sarcasm in conversational systems and social media like chatbots, Facebook, Twitter, etc. poses several challenges for downstream NLP tasks. This is attributed to the fact that the intended meaning of a sarcastic text is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Aditya Shah , Chandresh Kumar Maurya

Multilingual encoder-based language models are widely adopted for code-mixed analysis tasks, yet we know surprisingly little about how they represent code-mixed inputs internally - or whether those representations meaningfully connect to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Debajyoti Mazumder , Divyansh Pathak , Prashant Kodali , Jasabanta Patro

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in Machine Translation (MT) tasks. However, their MT abilities in the context of code-switching (the practice of mixing two or more languages in an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Ayushman Gupta , Akhil Bhogal , Kripabandhu Ghosh

With the growing presence of multilingual users on social media, detecting abusive language in code-mixed text has become increasingly challenging. Code-mixed communication, where users seamlessly switch between English and their native…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Manish Pandey , Nageshwar Prasad Yadav , Mokshada Adduru , Sawan Rai

Current computational approaches for analysing or generating code-mixed sentences do not explicitly model ``naturalness'' or ``acceptability'' of code-mixed sentences, but rely on training corpora to reflect distribution of acceptable…

Code-switching is a commonly observed communicative phenomenon denoting a shift from one language to another within the same speech exchange. The analysis of code-switched data often becomes an assiduous task, owing to the limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Tanvi Dadu , Kartikey Pant

In the recent past, social media platforms have helped people in connecting and communicating to a wider audience. But this has also led to a drastic increase in cyberbullying. It is essential to detect and curb hate speech to keep the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Ravindra Nayak , Raviraj Joshi

To date, efforts in the code-switching literature have focused for the most part on language identification, POS, NER, and syntactic parsing. In this paper, we address machine translation for code-switched social media data. We create a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Shuguang Chen , Gustavo Aguilar , Anirudh Srinivasan , Mona Diab , Thamar Solorio

An evaluation metric is an absolute necessity for measuring the performance of any system and complexity of any data. In this paper, we have discussed how to determine the level of complexity of code-mixed social media texts that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Souvick Ghosh , Satanu Ghosh , Dipankar Das

Training code-switched language models is difficult due to lack of data and complexity in the grammatical structure. Linguistic constraint theories have been used for decades to generate artificial code-switching sentences to cope with this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Chien-Sheng Wu , Pascale Fung

Being a popular mode of text-based communication in multilingual communities, code-mixing in online social media has became an important subject to study. Learning the semantics and morphology of code-mixed language remains a key challenge,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Ayan Sengupta , Tharun Suresh , Md Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

We present the IIT Bombay English-Hindi Parallel Corpus. The corpus is a compilation of parallel corpora previously available in the public domain as well as new parallel corpora we collected. The corpus contains 1.49 million parallel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pratik Mehta , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

We present Samanantar, the largest publicly available parallel corpora collection for Indic languages. The collection contains a total of 49.7 million sentence pairs between English and 11 Indic languages (from two language families).…

Code-switching (CSW) is the act of alternating between two or more languages within a single discourse. This phenomenon is widespread in multilingual communities, and increasingly prevalent in online content, where users naturally mix…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Amr Mohamed , Yang Zhang , Michalis Vazirgiannis , Guokan Shang

In this paper, we present our work on the creation of lexical resources for the Machine Translation between English and Hindi. We describes the development of phrase pair mappings for our experiments and the comparative performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Sreelekha S , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Code-switching is a phenomenon in which two or more languages are used in the same message. Nowadays, it is quite common to find messages with languages mixed in social media. This phenomenon presents a challenge for sentiment analysis. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Jason Angel , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , Antonio Tamayo , Alexander Gelbukh

India's linguistic landscape is one of the most diverse in the world, comprising over 120 major languages and approximately 1,600 additional languages, with 22 officially recognized as scheduled languages in the Indian Constitution. Despite…

Code-mixing, the practice of switching between languages within a conversation, poses unique challenges for traditional NLP. Existing benchmarks are limited by their narrow language pairs and tasks, failing to adequately assess large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yilun Yang , Yekun Chai

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers, where alternation between two or more languages occurs within the context of a single conversation. While multilingual humans can seamlessly switch back and forth between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Thamme Gowda , Mozhdeh Gheini , Jonathan May

Discourse parsing is an important task useful for NLU applications such as summarization, machine comprehension, and emotion recognition. The current discourse parsing datasets based on conversations consists of written English dialogues…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Divyaksh Shukla , Ritesh Baviskar , Dwijesh Gohil , Aniket Tiwari , Atul Shree , Ashutosh Modi