Related papers: A walk with Goodstein
If evolution can be connected to the principle of least action, and if it is depicted in evolution space versus time then it corresponds to the direction of ultimate causation. As an organism evolves and follows a path of proximate…
Feynman's formulation of quantum theory is remarkable in its combination of formal simplicity and computational power. However, as a formulation of the abstract structure of quantum theory, it is incomplete as it does not account for most…
We describe a theory of finite sets, and investigate the analogue of Dedekind's theory of natural number systems (simply infinite systems) in this theory. Unlike the infinitary case, in our theory, natural number systems come in differing…
The exploration-exploitation trade-off is among the central challenges of reinforcement learning. The optimal Bayesian solution is intractable in general. This paper studies to what extent analytic statements about optimal learning are…
An appealing property of the natural gradient is that it is invariant to arbitrary differentiable reparameterizations of the model. However, this invariance property requires infinitesimal steps and is lost in practical implementations with…
Many physical problems such as Allen-Cahn flows have natural maximum principles which yield strong point-wise control of the physical solutions in terms of the boundary data, the initial conditions and the operator coefficients.…
A new constraint suppressing formulation of the Einstein evolution equations is presented, generalizing the five-parameter first-order system due to Kidder, Scheel and Teukolsky (KST). The auxiliary fields, introduced to make the KST system…
We consider real-valued branching random walks and prove a large deviation result for the position of the rightmost particle. The position of the rightmost particle is the maximum of a collection of a random number of dependent random…
Finding the most powerful node in a dynamic random network, the largest set in a partition-valued stochastic process, or the largest family in an evolving population at a given time, can be a very difficult problem. This is particularly the…
The aim of this work is to show how Einstein's quantum hypothesis leads immediately and necessarily to a departure from classical mechanics. First we note that the classical description and predictions are in terms of idealized measurements…
We consider additive functionals of systems of random measures whose initial configuration is given by a Poisson point process, and whose individual components evolve according to arbitrary Markovian or non-Markovian measure valued…
In introductory books about natural numbers, a common kind of assertion - often left as exercise to the reader - is that certain forms of induction on $\mathbb{N}$ (regular/ordinary, complete/strong) are equivalent one to each other and to…
In this paper we prove Chaitin's ``heuristic principle'', {\it the theorems of a finitely-specified theory cannot be significantly more complex than the theory itself}, for an appropriate measure of complexity. We show that the measure is…
The (weak) Nullstellensatz over finite fields says that if $P_1,\ldots,P_m$ are $n$-variate degree-$d$ polynomials with no common zero over a finite field $\mathbb{F}$ then there are polynomials $R_1,\ldots,R_m$ such that…
A well-known topic within the philosophy of physics is the problem of fine-tuning: the fact that the universal constants seem to take non-arbitrary values in order for live to thrive in our Universe. In this paper we will talk about this…
The principle of optimality is a fundamental aspect of dynamic programming, which states that the optimal solution to a dynamic optimization problem can be found by combining the optimal solutions to its sub-problems. While this principle…
We study two positional numeration systems which are known for allowing very efficient addition and multiplication of complex numbers. The first one uses the base $\beta = \imath - 1$ and the digit set $\mathcal{D} = \{ 0, \pm 1, \pm \imath…
We establish almost sure invariance principles, a strong form of approximation by Brownian motion, for non-stationary time-series arising as observations on dynamical systems. Our examples include observations on sequential expanding maps,…
In this article we study the so-called cut-off phenomenon in the total variation distance when $n\to \infty$ for the family of continuous-time stochastic processes indexed by $n\in \mathbb{N}$, \[ \left( \mathcal{Z}^{(n)}_t=…
This paper introduces several new classes of mathematical structures that have close connections with physics and with the theory of dynamical systems. The most general of these structures, called indivisible stochastic processes,…