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The rapid development of vaccines to combat the spread of COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a great scientific achievement. Before the development of the COVID-19 vaccines, most studies capitalized on the available data…

Various non pharmaceutical interventions have been settled to minimise the burden of the COVID-19 outbreak. We build a framework to analyse the dynamics of non pharmaceutical interventions, to distinguish between mitigations measures…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-23 Laurent Evain , Jean-Jacques Loeb

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including mask-wearing, physical distancing, and hygiene measures, provide the primary means of reducing transmission in the early stages of an epidemic. Individuals adopt one of two…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-22 Yuan Liu , Michael Sieber , Bin Wu , Arne Traulsen

The rapid spread of the Coronavirus SARS-2 is a major challenge that led almost all governments worldwide to take drastic measures to respond to the tragedy. Chief among those measures is the massive lockdown of entire countries and cities,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Salah Ghamizi , Renaud Rwemalika , Lisa Veiber , Maxime Cordy , Tegawende F. Bissyande , Mike Papadakis , Jacques Klein , Yves Le Traon

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 6.4 million registered deaths to date and has had a profound impact on economic activity. Here, we study the interaction of transmission, mortality, and the economy during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from…

Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as quarantine, self-isolation, social distancing, and virus-contact tracing can greatly reduce the spread of the virus during a pandemic. In the wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-16 Jingjing He , Xuefei Guan , Xiaochang Duan , Tian Shen , Jing Lin

As the world grows increasingly connected, infectious disease transmission and outbreaks have become a pressing global concern for public health officials and policymakers. While policy interventions to contain and prevent the spread of…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Christian Borgs , Karissa Huang , Geng Zhao

COVID-19 abatement strategies have risks and uncertainties which could lead to repeating waves of infection. We show -- as proof of concept grounded on rigorous mathematical evidence -- that periodic, high-frequency alternation of into, and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-04-30 M. Bin , P. Cheung , E. Crisostomi , P. Ferraro , H. Lhachemi , R. Murray-Smith , C. Myant , T. Parisini , R. Shorten , S. Stein , L. Stone

The global COVID-19 pandemic (SARS-CoV-2 virus) is the defining health crisis of our century. Due to the absence of vaccines and drugs that can help to fight it, the world solution to control the spread has been to consider public social…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-22 Marcelo Menezes Morato , Saulo Benchimol Bastos , Daniel Oliveira Cajueiro , Julio Elias Normey-Rico

The symptoms of many infectious diseases influence their host to withdraw from social activity limiting their own potential to spread. Successful transmission therefore requires the onset of infectiousness to coincide with a time when its…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-27 Ewan Colman , Kristen Spies , Shweta Bansal

Few African countries have reported COVID-19 case numbers above $1\,000$ as of April 18, 2020, with South Africa reporting $3\,034$ cases being hit hardest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Several African countries, especially South Africa, have…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-01 Malte Schröder , Andreas Bossert , Moritz Kersting , Sebastian Aeffner , Justin Coetzee , Marc Timme , Jan Schlüter

Metapopulation epidemic models help capture the spatial dimension of infectious disease spread by dividing heterogeneous populations into separate but interconnected communities, represented by nodes in a network. In the event of an…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-21 Henrik Zunker , Philipp Dönges , Patrick Lenz , Seba Contreras , Martin J. Kühn

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a policy making crisis where efforts to slow down or end the pandemic conflict with economic priorities. This paper provides mathematical analysis of optimal disease control policies with idealized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-16 Aaron Z. Palmer , Zelda B. Zabinsky , Shan Liu

Emerging in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread health, economic, and social disruptions. Rapid global transmission overwhelmed healthcare systems, resulting in high infection rates, hospitalisations, and fatalities. To…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-08 Zacharias Komodromos , Kleanthis Malialis , Panayiotis Kolios

This paper studies if and to which extent COVID-19 epidemics can be controlled by authorities taking decisions on public health measures on the basis of daily reports of swab test results, active cases and total cases. A suitably simplified…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-07-22 Francesco Casella

Infectious diseases and human behavior are intertwined. On one side, our movements and interactions are the engines of transmission. On the other, the unfolding of viruses might induce changes to our daily activities. While intuitive, our…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-06-02 Nicola Perra

Given multiple new COVID-19 variants are continuously emerging, non-pharmaceutical interventions are still primary control strategies to curb the further spread of coronavirus. However, implementing strict interventions over extended…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-01 Xiao Zhou , Xiaohu Zhang , Paolo Santi , Carlo Ratti

The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused severe public health consequences around the world. Many interventions of COVID-19 have been implemented. It is of great public health and societal importance to evaluate the effects of interventions in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-06-02 Ting Tian , Wenxiang Luo , Yukang Jiang , Minqiong Chen , Canhong Wen , Wenliang Pan , Xueqin Wang

Since the early months of 2020, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) -- implemented at varying levels of severity and based on widely-divergent perspectives of risk tolerance -- have been the primary means to control SARS-CoV-2…

In this paper we conduct a simulation study of the spread of an epidemic like COVID-19 with temporary immunity on finite spatial and non-spatial network models. In particular, we assume that an epidemic spreads stochastically on a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-12-16 Tim Hulshof , Joost Jorritsma , Júlia Komjáthy