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Metamorphic testing (MT) has proven to be a successful solution to automating testing and addressing the oracle problem. However, it entails manually deriving metamorphic relations (MRs) and converting them into an executable form; these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Seung Yeob Shin , Fabrizio Pastore , Domenico Bianculli , Alexandra Baicoianu

This article discusses the challenges of testing software systems with increasingly integrated AI and LLM functionalities. LLMs are powerful but unreliable, and labeled ground truth for testing rarely scales. Metamorphic Testing solves this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Valerio Terragni

In machine learning, supervised classifiers are used to obtain predictions for unlabeled data by inferring prediction functions using labeled data. Supervised classifiers are widely applied in domains such as computational biology,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Prashanta Saha , Upulee Kanewala

Genetic Algorithms are a popular set of optimization algorithms often used to aid software testing. However, no work has been done to apply systematic software testing techniques to genetic algorithms because of the stochasticity and the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Janette Rounds , Upulee Kanewala

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a widely recognized technique for alleviating the oracle problem in software testing. However, its adoption is hindered by the difficulty of constructing effective metamorphic relations (MRs), which often require…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Congying Xu , Hengcheng Zhu , Songqiang Chen , Jiarong Wu , Valerio Terragni , Shing-Chi Cheung

Security testing verifies that the data and the resources of software systems are protected from attackers. Unfortunately, it suffers from the oracle problem, which refers to the challenge, given an input for a system, of distinguishing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Phu X. Mai , Fabrizio Pastore , Arda Goknil , Lionel Briand

Metamorphic Testing (MT) alleviates the oracle problem by defining oracles based on metamorphic relations (MRs), that govern multiple related inputs and their outputs. However, designing MRs is challenging, as it requires domain-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Congying Xu , Valerio Terragni , Hengcheng Zhu , Jiarong Wu , Shing-Chi Cheung

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a general approach for the testing of a specific kind of software systems -- so-called ``non-testable'', where the ``classical'' testing approaches are difficult to apply. MT is an effective approach for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Nasser Alzahrani , Maria Spichkova , James Harland

Regression is one of the most commonly used statistical techniques. However, testing regression systems is a great challenge because of the absence of test oracle in general. In this paper, we show that Metamorphic Testing is an effective…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-24 Quang-Hung Luu , Man F. Lau , Sebastian P. H. Ng , Tsong Yueh Chen

This article discusses a new technique to automatically generate test cases for object oriented programs. At the state of the art, the problem of generating adequate sets of complete test cases has not been satisfactorily solved yet. There…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Matteo Modonato

A test oracle determines whether a system behaves correctly for a given input. Automatic testing techniques rely on an automated test oracle to test the system without user interaction. Important families of automated test oracles include…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Manuel Rigger , Zhendong Su

Automated unit test generation aims to improve software quality while reducing the time and effort required for creating tests manually. However, existing techniques primarily generate regression oracles that predicate on the implemented…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Adam Bodicoat , Gunel Jahangirova , Valerio Terragni

Unit testing verifies the presence of faults in individual software components. Previous research has been targeting the automatic generation of unit tests through the adoption of random or search-based algorithms. Despite their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Fabiano Pecorelli , Giovanni Grano , Fabio Palomba , Harald C. Gall , Andrea De Lucia

Automated random testing has shown to be an effective approach to finding faults but still faces a major unsolved issue: how to generate test inputs diverse enough to find many faults and find them quickly. Stateful testing, the automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-08-14 Yi Wei , Hannes Roth , Carlo A. Furia , Yu Pei , Alexander Horton , Michael Steindorfer , Martin Nordio , Bertrand Meyer

This paper presents an automated tool called Morphy for datamorphic testing. It classifies software test artefacts into test entities and test morphisms, which are mappings on testing entities. In addition to datamorphisms, metamorphisms…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley , Dongmei Liu , Xiaoyu Zheng

Estimating software testability can crucially assist software managers to optimize test budgets and software quality. In this paper, we propose a new approach that radically differs from the traditional approach of pursuing testability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Luca Guglielmo , Leonardo Mariani , Giovanni Denaro

The effectiveness of a test suite in detecting faults highly depends on the correctness and completeness of its test oracles. Large Language Models (LLMs) have already demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tackling diverse software testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Facundo Molina , Alessandra Gorla

Metamorphic testing (MT) is a simple yet effective technique to alleviate the oracle problem in software testing. The underlying idea of MT is to test a software system by checking whether metamorphic relations (MRs) hold among multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-31 An Fu , Chang-ai Sun , Jiaming Zhang , Huai Liu

The level and quality of automation dramatically affects software testing activities, determines costs and effectiveness of the testing process, and largely impacts on the quality of the final product. While costs and benefits of automating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Matteo Brunetto , Giovanni Denaro , Leonardo Mariani , Mauro Pezzè

Self-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, but ensuring their safety remains a significant challenge. These systems must navigate a variety of unexpected scenarios on the road, and their complexity poses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique