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Force-free electrodynamics (FFE) is a closed set of equations for the electromagnetic field of a magnetically dominated plasma. There are strong arguments for the existence of force-free plasmas near pulsars and active black holes, but FFE…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-05-22 Samuel E. Gralla , Nabil Iqbal

In this PhD thesis, we explore and apply methods inspired by the free energy principle to two important areas in machine learning and neuroscience. The free energy principle is a general mathematical theory of the necessary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Beren Millidge

Active inference offers a first principle account of sentient behaviour, from which special and important cases can be derived, e.g., reinforcement learning, active learning, Bayes optimal inference, Bayes optimal design, etc. Active…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-06-09 Karl Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Danijar Hafner , Casper Hesp , Thomas Parr

Active inference is a formal approach to study cognition based on the notion that adaptive agents can be seen as engaging in a process of approximate Bayesian inference, via the minimisation of variational and expected free energies.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Filippo Torresan , Keisuke Suzuki , Ryota Kanai , Manuel Baltieri

The 'free energy principle' (FEP) has been suggested to provide a unified theory of the brain, integrating data and theory relating to action, perception, and learning. The theory and implementation of the FEP combines insights from…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-26 Christopher L. Buckley , Chang Sub Kim , Simon McGregor , Anil K. Seth

The Free Energy Principle (FEP) states that under suitable conditions of weak coupling, random dynamical systems with sufficient degrees of freedom will behave so as to minimize an upper bound, formalized as a variational free energy, on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Chris Fields , Karl Friston , James F. Glazebrook , Michael Levin

In the last decade, the free energy principle (FEP) and active inference (AIF) have achieved many successes connecting conceptual models of learning and cognition to mathematical models of perception and action. This effort is driven by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Joséphine Pazem , Marius Krumm , Alexander Q. Vining , Lukas J. Fiderer , Hans J. Briegel

This work combines the free energy principle from cognitive neuroscience and the ensuing active inference dynamics with recent advances in variational inference in deep generative models, and evolution strategies to introduce the "deep…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-10-24 Kai Ueltzhöffer

Active inference is a mathematical framework which originated in computational neuroscience as a theory of how the brain implements action, perception and learning. Recently, it has been shown to be a promising approach to the problems of…

How to efficiently explore in reinforcement learning is an open problem. Many exploration algorithms employ the epistemic uncertainty of their own value predictions -- for instance to compute an exploration bonus or upper confidence bound.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Simon Schmitt , John Shawe-Taylor , Hado van Hasselt

We investigate the application of active inference in developing energy-efficient control agents for manufacturing systems. Active inference, rooted in neuroscience, provides a unified probabilistic framework integrating perception,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yavar Taheri Yeganeh , Mohsen Jafari , Andrea Matta

Flexible, goal-directed behavior is a fundamental aspect of human life. Based on the free energy minimization principle, the theory of active inference formalizes the generation of such behavior from a computational neuroscience…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Fedor Scholz , Christian Gumbsch , Sebastian Otte , Martin V. Butz

The free energy principle (FEP) states that any dynamical system can be interpreted as performing Bayesian inference upon its surrounding environment. In this work, we examine in depth the assumptions required to derive the FEP in the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-23 Miguel Aguilera , Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley

Active Inference (ActInf) is an emerging theory that explains perception and action in biological agents, in terms of minimizing a free energy bound on Bayesian surprise. Goal-directed behavior is elicited by introducing prior beliefs on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-28 Thijs van de Laar , Ismail Senoz , Ayça Özçelikkale , Henk Wymeersch

Trajectory prediction methods have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in capturing complex motion patterns. However, existing methods rely on global state assumptions, suffer from insufficient belief inference under partial observability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yanping Wu , Ji Zhang , Hao Chen , Edmond S. L. Ho , Chongfeng Wei

Active inference is a state-of-the-art framework in neuroscience that offers a unified theory of brain function. It is also proposed as a framework for planning in AI. Unfortunately, the complex mathematics required to create new models --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Théophile Champion , Marek Grześ , Howard Bowman

Free energy and entropy are examined in detail from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics. The approach is logically based on the fact that thermodynamic work is mediated by thermal energy through the tendency for nonthermal energy to…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-06-26 Clinton D. Stoner

Active inference is a process theory of the brain that states that all living organisms infer actions in order to minimize their (expected) free energy. However, current experiments are limited to predefined, often discrete, state spaces.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Ozan Çatal , Tim Verbelen , Johannes Nauta , Cedric De Boom , Bart Dhoedt

We introduce the Free Energy Manifold (FEM), a score-trained conditional energy model specialized for inference in hybrid Bayesian networks with discrete and continuous variables. FEM represents each conditional factor as an energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Cheol Young Park , Shou Matsumoto

This paper argues that Active Inference (AIF) provides a crucial foundation for developing autonomous AI agents capable of learning from experience without continuous human reward engineering. As AI systems begin to exhaust high-quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Bo Wen