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Counterfactuals -- expressing what might have been true under different circumstances -- have been widely applied in statistics and machine learning to help understand causal relationships. More recently, counterfactuals have begun to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Arran Zeyu Wang , David Borland , David Gotz

Contrastive learning is a popular form of self-supervised learning that encourages augmentations (views) of the same input to have more similar representations compared to augmentations of different inputs. Recent attempts to theoretically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Nikunj Saunshi , Jordan Ash , Surbhi Goel , Dipendra Misra , Cyril Zhang , Sanjeev Arora , Sham Kakade , Akshay Krishnamurthy

Overlap, also known as positivity, is a key condition for causal treatment effect estimation. Many popular estimators suffer from high variance and become brittle when features differ strongly across treatment groups. This is especially…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-02 Oscar Clivio , Alexander D'Amour , Alexander Franks , David Bruns-Smith , Chris Holmes , Avi Feller

Fairness-aware machine learning has attracted a surge of attention in many domains, such as online advertising, personalized recommendation, and social media analysis in web applications. Fairness-aware machine learning aims to eliminate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Jing Ma , Ruocheng Guo , Aidong Zhang , Jundong Li

Counterfactual explanations enhance the interpretability of deep learning models in medical imaging, yet adapting them to 3D CT scans poses challenges due to volumetric complexity and resource demands. We extend the Latent Shift…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Joseph Paul Cohen , Louis Blankemeier , Akshay Chaudhari

Counterfactual explanations, and their associated algorithmic recourse, are typically leveraged to understand, explain, and potentially alter a prediction coming from a black-box classifier. In this paper, we propose to extend the use of…

Counterfactual explanations are usually obtained by identifying the smallest change made to an input to change a prediction made by a fixed model (hereafter called sparse methods). Recent work, however, has revitalized an old insight: there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Martin Pawelczyk , Klaus Broelemann , Gjergji Kasneci

Contrastive explanations clarify why an event occurred in contrast to another. They are more inherently intuitive to humans to both produce and comprehend. We propose a methodology to produce contrastive explanations for classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Alon Jacovi , Swabha Swayamdipta , Shauli Ravfogel , Yanai Elazar , Yejin Choi , Yoav Goldberg

Counterfactual explanations represent the minimal change to a data sample that alters its predicted classification, typically from an unfavorable initial class to a desired target class. Counterfactuals help answer questions such as "what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Brian Barr , Matthew R. Harrington , Samuel Sharpe , C. Bayan Bruss

The discovery of discriminatory bias in human or automated decision making is a task of increasing importance and difficulty, exacerbated by the pervasive use of machine learning and data mining. Currently, discrimination discovery largely…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Bilal Qureshi , Faisal Kamiran , Asim Karim , Salvatore Ruggieri , Dino Pedreschi

The field of generating recommendations within the framework of causal inference has seen a recent surge, with recommendations being likened to treatments. This approach enhances insights into the influence of recommendations on user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Guanglin Zhou , Chengkai Huang , Xiaocong Chen , Xiwei Xu , Chen Wang , Liming Zhu , Lina Yao

Self-supervised instance discrimination is an effective contrastive pretext task to learn feature representations and address limited medical image annotations. The idea is to make features of transformed versions of the same images similar…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Yejia Zhang , Xinrong Hu , Nishchal Sapkota , Yiyu Shi , Danny Z. Chen

Using Artificial Intelligence to improve teaching and learning benefits greater adaptivity and scalability in education. Knowledge Tracing (KT) is recognized for student modeling task due to its superior performance and application…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Woojin Kim , Changkwon Lee , Hyeoncheol Kim

Interpretable time series prediction is crucial for safety-critical areas such as healthcare and autonomous driving. Most existing methods focus on interpreting predictions by assigning important scores to segments of time series. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Jingquan Yan , Hao Wang

Counterfactual fairness requires that a person would have been classified in the same way by an AI or other algorithmic system if they had a different protected class, such as a different race or gender. This is an intuitive standard, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Jacy Reese Anthis , Victor Veitch

In the domain of non-generative visual counterfactual explanations (CE), traditional techniques frequently involve the substitution of sections within a query image with corresponding sections from distractor images. Such methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lintong Zhang , Kang Yin , Seong-Whan Lee

Fairness-aware recommendation eliminates discrimination issues to build trustworthy recommendation systems.Explaining the causes of unfair recommendations is critical, as it promotes fairness diagnostics, and thus secures users' trust in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Xiangmeng Wang , Qian Li , Dianer Yu , Qing Li , Guandong Xu

Machine learning can impact people with legal or ethical consequences when it is used to automate decisions in areas such as insurance, lending, hiring, and predictive policing. In many of these scenarios, previous decisions have been made…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-09 Matt J. Kusner , Joshua R. Loftus , Chris Russell , Ricardo Silva

Explaining sophisticated machine-learning based systems is an important issue at the foundations of AI. Recent efforts have shown various methods for providing explanations. These approaches can be broadly divided into two schools: those…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Nicholas Asher , Soumya Paul , Chris Russell

Causal and temporal reasoning about video dynamics is a challenging problem. While neuro-symbolic models that combine symbolic reasoning with neural-based perception and prediction have shown promise, they exhibit limitations, especially in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Adam Ishay , Zhun Yang , Joohyung Lee , Ilgu Kang , Dongjae Lim