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Automated theorem proving (ATP) is one of the most challenging mathematical reasoning tasks for Large Language Models (LLMs). Most existing LLM-based ATP methods rely on supervised fine-tuning, which results in a limited alignment between…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Shuming Shi , Ruobing Zuo , Gaolei He , Jianlin Wang , Chenyang Xu , Zhengfeng Yang

Development of Interactive Theorem Provers has led to the creation of big libraries and varied infrastructures for formal proofs. However, despite (or perhaps due to) their sophistication, the re-use of libraries by non-experts or across…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-03-10 Jónathan Heras , Ekaterina Komendantskaya

In logical reasoning, it is often the case that only some of a collection of assumptions are needed to reach a conclusion. A strengthening lemma is an assertion that a given conclusion is independent in this sense of a particular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-05-26 Dawn Michaelson

Reinforcement learning improves LLM reasoning, yet sparse delayed reward over long sequences makes token-level credit assignment the key bottleneck. We study the verifiable-reward setting, where the final answer is checkable and multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Hieu Tran , Zonghai Yao , Hong Yu

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has become the standard approach for equipping Large Language Models (LLMs) with up-to-date knowledge. However, standard RAG, relying on independent passage retrieval, often fails to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jingjin Wang , Jiawei Han

Theorem proving in natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - plays a central role in mathematical advances and education, and tests aspects of reasoning that are core to intelligence. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ximing Lu , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi

Agentic retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) formulates question answering as a multi-step interaction between reasoning and information retrieval, and has recently been advanced by reinforcement learning (RL) with outcome-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tianhua Zhang , Kun Li , Junan Li , Yunxiang Li , Hongyin Luo , Xixin Wu , James Glass , Helen Meng

Large language models (LLMs) have been used to generate formal proofs of mathematical theorems in proofs assistants such as Lean. However, we often want to optimize a formal proof with respect to various criteria, depending on its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Riyaz Ahuja , Jeremy Avigad , Prasad Tetali , Sean Welleck

Formal verification using interactive theorem provers ensures high-quality software. However, writing proof scripts for interactive theorem provers is labor-intensive and requires deep expertise. Recent studies have leveraged deep learning…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Manqing Zhang , Yunwei Dong , Lingru Zhou , Bingxu Xiao , Yepang Liu

LLMs have demonstrated strong mathematical reasoning abilities by leveraging reinforcement learning with long chain-of-thought, yet they continue to struggle with theorem proving due to the lack of clear supervision signals when solely…

Existing Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown the potential of reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance the complex reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models~(LLMs). While they achieve remarkable performance on challenging tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Huatong Song , Jinhao Jiang , Yingqian Min , Jie Chen , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Ji-Rong Wen

This paper introduces ProofCloud, a proof retrieval engine for verified proofs in higher order logic. It provides a fast proof searching service for mathematicians and computer scientists for the reuse of proofs and proof packages. In…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Shuai Wang

Despite recent progress, reinforcement learning (RL)-based fine-tuning of diffusion models often struggles with generalization, composability, and robustness against reward hacking. Recent studies have explored prompt refinement as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Suhyeon Lee , Jong Chul Ye

To take advantage of Large Language Model in theorem formalization and proof, we propose a reinforcement learning framework to iteratively optimize the pretrained LLM by rolling out next tactics and comparing them with the expected ones.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhiling Luo

We introduce ProofGrid, a benchmark suite for evaluating LLM reasoning through machine-checkable proofs rather than final answers alone. ProofGrid contains 15 tasks spanning proof writing, proof checking, proof masking, and proof…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Konstantine Arkoudas , Serafim Batzoglou

Prolog is a well-known declarative programming language commonly used in introductory courses on logic and reasoning. However, many students find Prolog challenging because it lacks the familiar debugging mechanisms found in imperative…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ricardo Brancas , Vasco Manquinho , Ruben Martins

This paper introduces ThoughtProbe, a novel inference time framework that leverages the hidden reasoning features of Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve their reasoning performance. Unlike previous works that manipulate the hidden…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zijian Wang , Chang Xu

SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) are essential for formal verification of digital hardware, yet their manual creation demands significant expertise in both the design under verification and temporal logic. Recent studies have explored using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nowfel Mashnoor , Hadi Kamali , Kimia Azar

ChatGPT said: Text-attributed graphs, where nodes and edges contain rich textual information, are widely used across diverse domains. A central challenge in this setting is question answering, which requires jointly leveraging unstructured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Lihui Liu

Concolic testing mixes symbolic and concrete execution to generate test cases covering paths effectively. Its benefits have been demonstrated for more than 15 years to test imperative programs. Other programming paradigms, like logic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Sophie Fortz , Fred Mesnard , Etienne Payet , Gilles Perrouin , Wim Vanhoof , German Vidal