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Tokenization is the process of encoding strings into tokens of a fixed vocabulary size, and is widely utilized in Natural Language Processing applications. The leading tokenization algorithm today is Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jia Peng Lim , Shawn Tan , Davin Choo , Hady W. Lauw

This paper is devoted to the finite-length analysis of turbo decoding over the binary erasure channel (BEC). The performance of iterative belief-propagation (BP) decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the BEC can be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-05-31 Eirik Rosnes , Øyvind Ytrehus

During software maintenance, programmers spend a lot of time on code comprehension. Reading comments is an effective way for programmers to reduce the reading and navigating time when comprehending source code. Therefore, as a critical task…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Xing Hu , Yuhan Wei , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

We computed both Word and Sub-word Embeddings using FastText. For Sub-word embeddings we selected Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) algorithm to represent the sub-words. We evaluated the Biomedical Word Embeddings obtaining better results than…

In this study, we have presented an efficient procedure using two state-of-the-art approaches from the literature of handwritten text recognition as Vertical Attention Network and Word Beam Search. The attention module is responsible for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Lalita Kumari , Sukhdeep Singh , Vaibhav Varish Singh Rathore , Anuj Sharma

Speech brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to restore communication for people with paralysis by translating neural activity into text. Most systems use cascaded frameworks that decode phonemes before assembling sentences with an n-gram…

Efficiency and safety of Large Language Models (LLMs), among other factors, rely on the quality of tokenization. A good tokenizer not only improves inference speed and language understanding but also provides extra defense against jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pavel Chizhov , Egor Bogomolov , Ivan P. Yamshchikov

Traditional greedy tokenization methods have been a critical step in Natural Language Processing (NLP), influencing how text is converted into tokens and directly impacting model performance. While subword tokenizers like Byte-Pair Encoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Bharath Raj , Garvit Suri , Vikrant Dewangan , Raghav Sonavane

Byte-based machine translation systems have shown significant potential in massively multilingual settings. Unicode encoding, which maps each character to specific byte(s), eliminates the emergence of unknown words, even in new languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Langlin Huang , Mengyu Bu , Yang Feng

Error correcting codes play a central role in digital communication, ensuring that transmitted information can be accurately reconstructed despite channel impairments. Recently, autoencoder (AE) based approaches have gained attention for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Vukan Ninkovic , Dejan Vukobratovic

Existing time series tokenization methods predominantly encode a constant number of samples into individual tokens. This inflexible approach can generate excessive tokens for even simple patterns like extended constant values, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Leon Götz , Marcel Kollovieh , Stephan Günnemann , Leo Schwinn

Code completion, which aims to predict the following code token(s) according to the code context, can improve the productivity of software development. Recent work has proved that statistical language modeling with transformers can greatly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Shuai Lu , Nan Duan , Hojae Han , Daya Guo , Seung-won Hwang , Alexey Svyatkovskiy

Code completion is widely used by software developers to provide coding suggestions given a partially written code snippet. Apart from the traditional code completion methods, which only support single token completion at minimal positions,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Jingxuan Li , Rui Huang , Wei Li , Kai Yao , Weiguo Tan

In this paper, we propose a refined multi-stage multi-task training strategy to improve the performance of online attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) models. A three-stage training based on three levels of architectural granularity…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-01 Abhinav Garg , Dhananjaya Gowda , Ankur Kumar , Kwangyoun Kim , Mehul Kumar , Chanwoo Kim

Tokenizers act as a bridge between human language and the latent space of language models, influencing how language is represented in these models. Due to the immense popularity of English-Centric Large Language Models (LLMs), efforts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Menan Velayuthan , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran

The end-to-end architecture has made promising progress in speech translation (ST). However, the ST task is still challenging under low-resource conditions. Most ST models have shown unsatisfactory results, especially in the absence of word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Yao-Fei Cheng , Hung-Shin Lee , Hsin-Min Wang

This paper proposes a new pre-training method, called Code-Switching Pre-training (CSP for short) for Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Unlike traditional pre-training method which randomly masks some fragments of the input sentence, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Zhen Yang , Bojie Hu , Ambyera Han , Shen Huang , Qi Ju

When applying the Transformer architecture to source code, designing a good self-attention mechanism is critical as it affects how node relationship is extracted from the Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs) of the source code. We present Code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Saeyoon Oh , Shin Yoo

Attributed networks are ubiquitous since a network often comes with auxiliary attribute information e.g. a social network with user profiles. Attributed Network Embedding (ANE) has recently attracted considerable attention, which aims to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Chengbin Hou , Shan He , Ke Tang

Natural language correction has the potential to help language learners improve their writing skills. While approaches with separate classifiers for different error types have high precision, they do not flexibly handle errors such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-04-01 Ziang Xie , Anand Avati , Naveen Arivazhagan , Dan Jurafsky , Andrew Y. Ng