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The Lightning Network (LN) is a second-layer protocol for Bitcoin designed to enable fast and cost-efficient off-chain transactions. Channels in the LN can be closed either by mutual agreement or unilaterally through a forced closure, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Simone Antonelli , Vincent Davis , Harrison Rush , Anthony Potdevin , Jesse Shrader , Vikash Singh , Emanuele Rossi

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. Attempts to address this challenge include layer-2 solutions, such as Bitcoin's Lightning or Ethereum's…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Alexander Hentschel , Dieter Shirley , Layne Lafrance

Formal analyses of blockchain protocols have received much attention recently. Consistency results of Nakamoto's blockchain protocol are often expressed in a quantity $c$, which denotes the expected number of network delays before some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Jun Zhao , Jing Tang , Li Zengxiang , Huaxiong Wang , Kwok-Yan Lam , Kaiping Xue

Decentralized Ledger Technology, popularized by the Bitcoin network, aims to keep track of a ledger of valid transactions between agents of a virtual economy without a central institution for coordination. In order to keep track of a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-04 Michael Zargham , Zixuan Zhang , Victor Preciado

Complex optical networks containing one or more gain sections are investigated and the evidence of lasing action is reported; the emission spectrum reflects the topological disorder induced by the connections. A theoretical description well…

Optics · Physics 2017-03-27 Stefano Lepri , Cosimo Trono , Giovanni Giacomelli

The Bitcoin Lightning Network, launched in 2018, serves as a layer 2 scaling solution for Bitcoin. The Lightning Network allows users to establish channels between each other and subsequently exchange off-chain payments. Together, these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Florian Grötschla , Lioba Heimbach , Severin Richner , Roger Wattenhofer

For preserving privacy, blockchains can be equipped with dedicated mechanisms to anonymize participants. However, these mechanism often take only the abstraction layer of blockchains into account whereas observations of the underlying…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-07-31 David Mödinger , Henning Kopp , Frank Kargl , Franz J. Hauck

The Lightning Network is a peer-to-peer network designed to address Bitcoin's scalability challenges, facilitating rapid, cost-effective, and instantaneous transactions through bidirectional, blockchain-backed payment channels among network…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Sindura Saraswathi , Christian Kümmerle

Sampling from combinatorial families can be difficult. However, complicated families can often be embedded within larger, simpler ones, for which easy sampling algorithms are known. We take advantage of such a relationship to describe a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-09-02 James Y. Zhao

Bitcoin operates as a macroeconomic paradox: it combines a strictly predetermined, inelastic monetary issuance schedule with a stochastic, highly elastic demand for scarce block space. This paper empirically validates the Endogenous…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-10 Hamoon Soleimani

We study efficiency in a proof-of-work blockchain with non-zero latencies, focusing in particular on the (inequality in) individual miners' efficiencies. Prior work attributed differences in miners' efficiencies mostly to attacks, but we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Mohamed Alzayat , Johnnatan Messias , Balakrishnan Chandrasekaran , Krishna P. Gummadi , Patrick Loiseau

We introduce a geometric theory of payment channel networks that centers the polytope $W_G$ of feasible wealth distributions; liquidity states $L_G$ project onto $W_G$ via strict circulations. A payment is feasible iff the post-transfer…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Rene Pickhardt

Over the past decade, blockchain technology has attracted a huge attention from both industry and academia because it can be integrated with a large number of everyday applications of modern information and communication technologies (ICT).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Muneeb Ul Hassan , Mubashir Husain Rehmani , Jinjun Chen

Money launderers take advantage of limitations in existing detection approaches by hiding their financial footprints in a deceitful manner. They manage this by replicating transaction patterns that the monitoring systems cannot easily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Haseeb Tariq , Alen Kaja , Marwan Hassani

Major cryptocurrency networks have relied on random peering choice rules for making connections in their peer-to-peer networks. Generally, these choices have good properties, particularly for open, permissionless networks. Random peering…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Lucianna Kiffer , Rajmohan Rajaraman

Cryptocurrencies redefined how money can be stored and transferred among users. However, independent of the amount being sent, public blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from high transaction waiting times and fees. These drawbacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Enes Erdin , Suat Mercan , Kemal Akkaya

Blockchain is an incrementally updated ledger maintained by distributed nodes rather than centralized organizations. The current blockchain technology faces scalability issues, which include two aspects: low transaction throughput and high…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xiangyu Wang , Ting Yang , Yu Wang

Synchronization of transaction pools (mempools) has shown potential for improving the performance and block propagation delay of state-of-the-art blockchains. Indeed, various heuristics have been proposed in the literature to this end, all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-30 Novak Boškov , Şevval Şimşek , Ari Trachtenberg , David Starobinski

The successive generations of consensus algorithms have progressively shifted the performance bottleneck of blockchains to the execution layer. While recent works address this by parallelizing transaction execution, they often overlook the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Artjom Pugatsov , Can Umut Ileri , Jérémie Decouchant

Blockchains use peer-to-peer networks for disseminating information among peers, but these networks currently do not have any provable guarantees for desirable properties such as Byzantine fault tolerance, good connectivity and small…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Vijeth Aradhya , Seth Gilbert , Aquinas Hobor