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The Bitcoin Lightning Network (LN) is designed to improve the scalability of blockchain systems by using off-chain payment paths to settle transactions in a faster, cheaper, and more private manner. This work aims to empirically study LN's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Andrea Carotti , Cosimo Sguanci , Anastasios Sidiropoulos

Subgraph representation learning is a technique for analyzing local structures (or shapes) within complex networks. Enabled by recent developments in scalable Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), this approach encodes relational information at a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Claudio Bellei , Muhua Xu , Ross Phillips , Tom Robinson , Mark Weber , Tim Kaler , Charles E. Leiserson , Arvind , Jie Chen

The blockchain paradigm provides a mechanism for content dissemination and distributed consensus on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks. While this paradigm has been widely adopted in industry, it has not been carefully analyzed in terms of its…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Aditya Gopalan , Abishek Sankararaman , Anwar Walid , Sriram Vishwanath

This paper presents a formal analysis of the Lightning Network as a monetary system structurally diverging from Bitcoin's base-layer settlement model. We demonstrate that under increasing transaction demand, BTC transaction fees rise…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Craig Steven Wright

Despite being under development for over 15 years, transaction throughput remains one of the key challenges confronting blockchains, which typically has a cap of a limited number of transactions per second. A fundamental factor limiting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Evangelos Kolyvas , Alexandros Antonov , Spyros Voulgaris

The Bitcoin Lightning network is a mechanism to enable fast and inexpensive off-chain Bitcoin transactions using peer-to-peer (P2P) channels between nodes that can also be composed into a routing path. Although the resulting possible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Finnegan Waugh , Ralph Holz

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies received a lot of attention recently for their applications in many domains. IoT domain is one of such applications, which can utilize cryptocur-rencies for micro payments without compromising their payment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Suat Mercan , Enes Erdin , Kemal Akkaya

Bitcoin's Lightning Network (LN) is a scalability solution for Bitcoin allowing transactions to be issued with negligible fees and settled instantly at scale. In order to use LN, funds need to be locked in payment channels on the Bitcoin…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-04-16 István András Seres , László Gulyás , Dániel A. Nagy , Péter Burcsi

Layer-two blockchain protocols emerged to address scalability issues related to fees, storage cost, and confirmation delay of on-chain transactions. They aggregate off-chain transactions into a fewer on-chain ones, thus offering immediate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Ghada Almashaqbeh , Sixia Chen , Alexander Russell

A key performance metric in blockchains is the latency between when a transaction is broadcast and when it is confirmed (the so-called, confirmation latency). While improvements in consensus techniques can lead to lower confirmation…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Yifan Mao , Soubhik Deb , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Sreeram Kannan , Kannan Srinivasan

Off-chain transaction channels represent one of the leading techniques to scale the transaction throughput in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. They allow multiple agents to route payments through one another. So far, the topology and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Yotam Sali , Aviv Zohar

The Lightning Network (LN) is a prominent payment channel network aimed at addressing Bitcoin's scalability issues. Due to the privacy of channel balances, senders cannot reliably choose sufficiently liquid payment paths and resort to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Rene Pickhardt , Sergei Tikhomirov , Alex Biryukov , Mariusz Nowostawski

This paper proposes a random network model for blockchains, a distributed hierarchical data structure of blocks that has found several applications in various industries. The model is parametric on two probability distribution functions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Carlos Pinzón , Camilo Rocha , Jorge Finke

A payment channel network is a blockchain-based overlay mechanism that allows parties to transact more efficiently than directly using the blockchain. These networks are composed of payment channels that carry transactions between pairs of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Suryanarayana Sankagiri , Bruce Hajek

Permissionless blockchains offer many advantages but also have significant limitations including high latency. This prevents their use in important scenarios such as retail payments, where merchants should approve payments fast. Prior works…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Vasilios Mavroudis , Karl Wüst , Aritra Dhar , Kari Kostiainen , Srdjan Capkun

Heterogeneity is a key aspect of complex networks, often emerging by looking at the distribution of node properties, from the milestone observations on the degree to the recent developments in mixing pattern estimation. Mixing patterns, in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Salvatore Citraro , Letizia Milli , Rémy Cazabet , Giulio Rossetti

The purpose of this work was to perform a network analysis on the rapidly growing bitcoin transaction network. Using a web-socket API, we collected data on all transactions occurring during a six hour window. Sender and receiver addresses…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Lambert T. Leong

Although blockchains have become widely popular for their use in cryptocurrencies, they are now becoming pervasive as more traditional applications adopt blockchain to ensure data security. Despite being a secured network, blockchains have…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Faisal Haque Bappy , Tariqul Islam , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom

Layer-2 (L2) blockchains inherit Ethereums security guarantees while reducing gas fees. As a result, they are gaining traction among traders at Automated Market Makers (AMMs), sparking debate over whether they contribute to liquidity…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Krzysztof Gogol , Manvir Schneider , Claudio Tessone , Benjamin Livshits

State channel network is the most popular layer-2 solution to theissues of scalability, high transaction fees, and low transaction throughput of public Blockchain networks. However, the existing works have limitations that curb the wide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Jinghui Liao , Fengwei Zhang , Wenhai Sun , Weisong Shi