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Bitcoin treasury companies have taken stock markets by storm amassing billions of dollars worth of tokens in hundreds of entities. The paper discusses, how leverage - whether created through corporate debt or investors using stock as loan…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-17 B K Meister

We analyze the price return distributions of currency exchange rates, cryptocurrencies, and contracts for differences (CFDs) representing stock indices, stock shares, and commodities. Based on recent data from the years 2017--2020, we model…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2021-07-15 Marcin Wątorek , Jarosław Kwapień , Stanisław Drożdż

Distributed ledger technologies have opened up a wealth of fine-grained transaction data from cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. This allows research into problems like anomaly detection, anti-money laundering, pattern mining and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Naomi A. Arnold , Peijie Zhong , Cheick Tidiane Ba , Ben Steer , Raul Mondragon , Felix Cuadrado , Renaud Lambiotte , Richard G. Clegg

The mining of bitcoin is modeled using system dynamics, showing that the past evolution of the network hash rate can be explained to a large extent by an efficient market hypothesis applied to the mining of blocks. The possibility of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Davide Lasi , Lukas Saul

We analyse tick-by-tick data representing major cryptocurrencies traded on some different cryptocurrency trading platforms. We focus on such quantities like the inter-transaction times, the number of transactions in time unit, the traded…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-09-05 Jarosław Kwapień , Marcin Wątorek , Marija Bezbradica , Martin Crane , Tai Tan Mai , Stanisław Drożdż

Peters (2011a) defined an optimal leverage which maximizes the time-average growth rate of an investment held at constant leverage. It was hypothesized that this optimal leverage is attracted to 1, such that, e.g., leveraging an investment…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-06-12 Ole Peters , Alexander Adamou

Algorithmic trading is well studied in traditional financial markets. However, it has received less attention in centralized cryptocurrency exchanges. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) attributed the $2010$ flash crash, one of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-02-28 Paz Grimberg , Tobias Lauinger , Damon McCoy

In this paper, we study the ability to make the short-term prediction of the exchange price fluctuations towards the United States dollar for the Bitcoin market. We use the data of realized volatility collected from one of the largest…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Tian Guo , Albert Bifet , Nino Antulov-Fantulin

The third Bitcoin halving that took place in May 2020 cut down the mining reward from 12.5 to 6.25 BTC per block and thus slowed down the rate of issuance of new Bitcoins, making it more scarce. The fourth and most recent halving happened…

General Economics · Economics 2025-11-11 Vladislav Virtonen

We construct and study the Google matrix of Bitcoin transactions during the time period from the very beginning in 2009 till April 2013. The Bitcoin network has up to a few millions of bitcoin users and we present its main characteristics…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Leonardo Ermann , Klaus M. Frahm , Dima L. Shepelyansky

We present positive evidence of price stability of cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange. For the sample years from 2016 to 2020, the prices of major cryptocurrencies are found to be stable, relative to major financial assets.…

General Economics · Economics 2021-12-14 Tatsuru Kikuchi , Toranosuke Onishi , Kenichi Ueda

This paper investigates the evolving link between cryptocurrency and equity markets in the context of the recent wave of corporate Bitcoin (BTC) treasury strategies. We assemble a dataset of 39 publicly listed firms holding BTC, from their…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-05-21 Sabrina Aufiero , Antonio Briola , Tesfaye Salarin , Fabio Caccioli , Silvia Bartolucci , Tomaso Aste

What is the role of social interactions in the creation of price bubbles? Answering this question requires obtaining collective behavioural traces generated by the activity of a large number of actors. Digital currencies offer a unique…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-08-11 David Garcia , Claudio Juan Tessone , Pavlin Mavrodiev , Nicolas Perony

As the pioneer of blockchain technology, Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency to date. Given its dramatic price spikes (and crashes) along with the never-ending news from SEC regulations to security breaches, there seems to be a lack…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Anthony Luo , Dianxiang Xu

Cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin (BTC), which comprise a new digital asset class, have drawn extraordinary worldwide attention. The characteristics of the cryptocurrency/BTC include a high level of speculation, extreme volatility and…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-24 Ai Jun Hou , Weining Wang , Cathy Y. H. Chen , Wolfgang Karl Härdle

The approval of the Bitcoin Spot ETF in January 2024 marked a transformative event in cryptocurrency markets, signaling increased institutional adoption and integration into traditional finance. This study examines Bitcoin's changing…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-16 Yihan Hong , Hengxiang Feng , Yinghan Wang , Boxuan Li

In this study, we investigate the BTC price time-series (17 August 2010-27 June 2021) and show that the 2017 pricing episode is not unique. We describe at least ten new events, which occurred since 2010-2011 and span more than five orders…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-04-21 Jevgeni Tarassov , Nicolas Houlié

During times of extreme market turmoil, it is acknowledged that there is a tendency towards "flight to safety". A strong (weak) safe haven is defined as an asset that has a significant positive (negative) return in periods where another…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-03-02 Jamal Bouoiyour , Refk Selmi

The possibility to analyze everyday monetary transactions is limited by the scarcity of available data, as this kind of information is usually considered highly sensitive. Present econophysics models are usually employed on presumed random…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-04-01 Dániel Kondor , Márton Pósfai , István Csabai , Gábor Vattay

Universal features in stock markets and their derivative markets are studied by means of probability distributions in internal rates of return on buy and sell transaction pairs. Unlike the stylized facts in log normalized returns, the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-11-11 Lukas Pichl , Taisei Kaizoji , Takuya Yamano