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Rheotaxis is a well-known phenomenon among microbial organisms and artificial active colloids, wherein the swimmers respond to an imposed flow. We report the first experimental evidence of upstream rheotaxis by spherical active droplets. It…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-08-20 Prateek Dwivedi , Atishay Shrivastava , Dipin Pillai , Rahul Mangal

Motility is a basic feature of living microorganisms, and how it works is often determined by environmental cues. Recent efforts have focused on develop- ing artificial systems that can mimic microorganisms, and in particular their…

The collective motion of microorganisms and microrobots can be used for particle delivery, especially when guided by external magnetic fields, phototaxis, or chemotaxis. This cargo transport is enhanced significantly by hydrodynamic…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-09-30 Maggie Liu , Arnold J. T. M. Mathijssen

Zermelo's navigation problem seeks the trajectory of minimal travel time between two points in a fluid flow. We address this problem for an agent -- such as a micro-robot or active particle -- that is advected by a two-dimensional flow,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-12-29 Vladimir Parfenyev

In this article, we consider a swimmer (i.e. a self-deformable body) immersed in a fluid, the flow of which is governed by the stationary Stokes equations. This model is relevant for studying the locomotion of microorganisms or micro robots…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2012-03-19 Jérôme Lohéac , Alexandre Munnier

We apply a reinforcement learning algorithm to show how smart particles can learn approximately optimal strategies to navigate in complex flows. In this paper we consider microswimmers in a paradigmatic three-dimensional case given by a…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-04-30 K. Gustavsson , L. Biferale , A. Celani , S. Colabrese

We present theoretical and numerical results concerning the problem to find the path that minimizes the time to navigate between two given points in a complex fluid under realistic navigation constraints. We contrast deterministic Optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-02 Michele Buzzicotti , Luca Biferale , Fabio Bonaccorso , Patricio Clark di Leoni , Kristian Gustavsson

Bead-based micro-swimmers are promising systems for payload delivery on the micro-scale. However, the principles underlying their optimal design are not yet fully understood. Here we study a simple device consisting of three…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2014-03-03 Jayant Pande , Ana-Sunčana Smith

Microswimmers can acquire information on the surrounding fluid by sensing mechanical queues. They can then navigate in response to these signals. We analyse this navigation by combining deep reinforcement learning with direct numerical…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-06-21 Krongtum Sankaewtong , John J. Molina , Matthew S. Turner , Ryoichi Yamamoto

Fish rheotaxis, or alignment into flow currents, results from intertwined sensory, neural and actuation mechanisms, all coupled with hydrodynamics to produce a behavior that is critical for upstream migration and position holding in…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2016-04-20 Brendan Colvert , Eva Kanso

Controlling the swimming behavior of bacteria is crucial, for example, to prevent contamination of ducts and catheters. We show the bacteria modeled by deformable microswimmers can accumulate in flows through straight microchannels either…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-03-03 Winfried Schmidt , Igor S. Aranson , Walter Zimmermann

Artificial microswimmers are a new technology with promising microfluidics and biomedical applications, such as directed cargo transport, microscale assembly, and targeted drug delivery. A fundamental barrier to realising this potential is…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-06-27 Thomas D. Montenegro-Johnson

Metachronal locomotion is a widespread swimming mode used by aquatic swarming organisms to achieve performance and maneuverability in the intermediate Reynolds number regime. Our understanding of the mechanisms driving these abilities is…

In the study of microscopic flows, self-propulsion has been particularly topical in recent years, with the rise of miniature artificial swimmers as a new tool for flow control, low Reynolds number mixing, micromanipulation or even drug…

Recent advancements in soft actuators have enabled soft continuum swimming robots to achieve higher efficiency and more closely mimic the behaviors of real marine animals. However, optimizing the design and control of these soft continuum…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Yanhao Yang , Ross L. Hatton

Coordinating micro-robotic swarms in physiologically realistic, time-dependent fluid environments remains an unsolved challenge for biomedical and environmental applications. We present a hybrid Computational Fluid Dynamics -…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Josef Berman , Oren Gal

As the length scales of the smallest technology continue to advance beyond the micron scale it becomes increasingly important to equip robotic components with the means for intelligent and autonomous decision making with limited…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-09-08 Paul A. Monderkamp , Fabian Jan Schwarzendahl , Michael A. Klatt , Hartmut Löwen

Self-adaptation can be used in robotics to increase system robustness and reliability. This work describes the Metacontrol method for self-adaptation in robotics. Particularly, it details how the MROS (Metacontrol for ROS Systems) framework…

Microswimming cells and robots exhibit diverse behaviours due to both their swimming and their environment. One of the core environmental features impacting inertialess swimming is background flows. While the influence of select flows,…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-10-30 Eamonn A. Gaffney , Kenta Ishimoto , Benjamin J. Walker

The Modboat is an autonomous surface robot that turns the oscillation of a single motor into a controlled paddling motion through passive flippers. Inertial control methods developed in prior work can successfully drive the Modboat along…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Gedaliah Knizhnik , Mark Yim