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Quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computing. Despite tremendous experimental efforts in the study of quantum error correction, to date, there has been no demonstration in the realisation of universal…

Noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) systems are expected to have a few hundred qubits, minimal or no error correction, limited connectivity and limits on the number of gates that can be performed within the short coherence window of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Prakash Murali , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Frederic T. Chong , Margaret Martonosi

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for practical quantum computing, as it protects fragile quantum information from errors by encoding it in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Conventional QEC protocols typically require repeated…

The overhead of quantum error correction (QEC) poses a major bottleneck for realizing fault-tolerant computation. To reduce this overhead, we exploit the idea of erasure qubits, relying on an efficient conversion of the dominant noise into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Shouzhen Gu , Alex Retzker , Aleksander Kubica

We revisit the extendability-based semi-definite programming hierarchy introduced by Berta et al. [Mathematical Programming, 1 - 49 (2021)], which provides converging outer bounds on the optimal fidelity of approximate quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Gereon Koßmann , Julius A. Zeiss , Omar Fawzi , Mario Berta

Quantum computing is one of the most enticing computational paradigms with the potential to revolutionize diverse areas of future-generation computational systems. While quantum computing hardware has advanced rapidly, from tiny laboratory…

The new field of quantum error correction has developed spectacularly since its origin less than two years ago. Encoded quantum information can be protected from errors that arise due to uncontrolled interactions with the environment.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 John Preskill

As quantum computing matures and moves toward broader accessibility through cloud-based platforms, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of quantum computations becomes an urgent concern. In this work, we propose a strategy to leverage…

Digital quantum computing promises to offer computational capabilities beyond the reach of classical systems, yet its capabilities are often challenged by scarce quantum resources. A critical bottleneck in this context is how to load…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Kaining Zhang , Xinbiao Wang , Yuxuan Du , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao

A major obstacle towards realizing a practical quantum computer is the noise that arises due to system-environment interactions. While it is very well known that quantum error correction (QEC) provides a way to protect against errors that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Akshaya Jayashankar

Quantum error correction is expected to be essential in large-scale quantum technologies. However, the substantial overhead of qubits it requires is thought to greatly limit its utility in smaller, near-term devices. Here we introduce a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-20 David Layden , Mo Chen , Paola Cappellaro

The quest for universal superconducting quantum computing is hindered by noise and errors. It has been proven that Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes will lay at the foundation of fault tolerant quantum computing. However, cosmic-ray…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Marzio Vallero , Gioele Casagranda , Flavio Vella , Paolo Rech

Quantum technologies have the potential to solve certain computationally hard problems with polynomial or super-polynomial speedups when compared to classical methods. Unfortunately, the unstable nature of quantum information makes it prone…

Color codes are promising quantum error correction (QEC) codes because they have an advantage over surface codes in that all Clifford gates can be implemented transversally. However, thresholds of color codes under circuit-level noise are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-18 Yugo Takada , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum computation, a completely different paradigm of computing, benefits from theoretically proven speed-ups for certain problems and opens up the possibility of exactly studying the properties of quantum systems. Yet, because of the…

A central goal in quantum error correction is to reduce the overhead of fault-tolerant quantum computing by increasing noise thresholds and reducing the number of physical qubits required to sustain a logical qubit. We introduce a potential…

The advent of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) promises to tackle classically intractable problems. A key milestone is solving the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE), which has remained formidable for quantum algorithms due to their high…

In the current era of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) technology, the practical use of quantum computers remains inhibited by our inability to aptly decouple qubits from their environment to mitigate computational errors. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-09 Thomas J. Maldonado , Johannes Flick , Stefan Krastanov , Alexey Galda

Efficient decoding to estimate error locations from outcomes of syndrome measurement is the prerequisite for quantum error correction. Decoding in presence of circuit-level noise including measurement errors should be considered in case of…

In recent years, Quantum Computing (QC) has progressed to the point where small working prototypes are available for use. Termed Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers, these prototypes are too small for large benchmarks or even…