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Chain-of-thought explanations are widely used to inspect the decision process of large language models (LLMs) and to evaluate the trustworthiness of model outputs, making them important for effective collaboration between LLMs and humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Pedro Ferreira , Wilker Aziz , Ivan Titov

With machine learning models being increasingly used to aid decision making even in high-stakes domains, there has been a growing interest in developing interpretable models. Although many supposedly interpretable models have been proposed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Forough Poursabzi-Sangdeh , Daniel G. Goldstein , Jake M. Hofman , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Hanna Wallach

Observable social traits determine how we interact in society and remain pervasive even in our globalized world. While a popular hypothesis states that they may help promote cooperation, the alternative explanation that they facilitate…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-09-14 Juan Ozaita , Andrea Baronchelli , Angel Sánchez

Actions such as sharing food and cooperating to reach a common goal have played a fundamental role in the evolution of human societies. These good actions may not maximise the actor's payoff, but they maximise the other's payoff.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-06-18 Valerio Capraro , Alessandra Marcelletti

Recent research in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown success in learning social behavior and cooperation. Social dilemmas between agents in mixed-sum settings have been studied extensively, but there is little research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Ram Rachum , Yonatan Nakar , Reuth Mirsky

Data visualizations are standard tools for assessing and communicating risks. However, it is not always clear which designs are optimal or how encoding choices might influence risk perception and decision-making. In this paper, we report…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Melanie Bancilhon , Zhengliang Liu , Alvitta Ottley

Each participant in peer-to-peer network prefers to free-ride on the contribution of other participants. Reputation based resource sharing is a way to control the free riding. Instead of classical game theory we use evolutionary game theory…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-27 Antriksh Goswami , Ruchir Gupta

Within an agent-based model where moral classifications are socially learned, we ask if a population of agents behaves in a way that may be compared with conservative or liberal positions in the real political spectrum. We assume that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-04-21 Nestor Caticha , Jonatas Cesar , Renato Vicente

A human's moral decision depends heavily on the context. Yet research on LLM morality has largely studied fixed scenarios. We address this gap by introducing Contextual MoralChoice, a dataset of moral dilemmas with systematic contextual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Adrian Sauter , Mona Schirmer

While existing evaluations of large language models (LLMs) measure deception rates, the underlying conditions that give rise to deceptive behavior are poorly understood. We investigate this question using a novel dataset of realistic moral…

While enforcing egalitarian social norms is critical for human society, punishing social norm violators often incurs a cost to the self. This cost looms even larger when one can benefit from an unequal distribution of resources (i.e.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-29 Shen Zhang , Oriel FeldmanHall , Sébastien Hétu , A. Ross Otto

A crucial but often neglected aspect of algorithmic fairness is the question of how we justify enforcing a certain fairness metric from a moral perspective. When fairness metrics are proposed, they are typically argued for by highlighting…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Corinna Hertweck , Christoph Heitz , Michele Loi

Indirect reciprocity promotes cooperation by allowing individuals to help others based on reputation rather than direct reciprocation. Because it relies on accurate reputation information, its effectiveness can be undermined by information…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-04 Heejeong Kim , Yohsuke Murase

Keeping a high reputation, by contributing to common efforts, plays a key role in explaining the evolution of collective cooperation among unrelated agents in a complex society. Nevertheless, it is not necessarily an individual feature, but…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-18 Siyu He , Qin Li , Minyu Feng , Attila Szolnoki

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) allows a user to express preference over outcomes in terms of the relative importance of the objectives, but standard metrics cannot capture whether changes in preference reliably change the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pau de las Heras Molins , Beyazit Yalcinkaya , Lasse Peters , David Fridovich-Keil , Georgios Bakirtzis

Designing a reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) algorithm to approximate a human's unobservable reward function requires assuming, implicitly or explicitly, a model of human preferences. A preference model that poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Stephane Hatgis-Kessell , W. Bradley Knox , Serena Booth , Peter Stone

As algorithms are increasingly used to make important decisions that affect human lives, ranging from social benefit assignment to predicting risk of criminal recidivism, concerns have been raised about the fairness of algorithmic decision…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-28 Nina Grgić-Hlača , Elissa M. Redmiles , Krishna P. Gummadi , Adrian Weller

Creating incentives for cooperation is a challenge in natural and artificial systems. One potential answer is reputation, whereby agents trade the immediate cost of cooperation for the future benefits of having a good reputation. Game…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Nicolas Anastassacos , Julian García , Stephen Hailes , Mirco Musolesi

Reputation is not just a simple opinion that an individual has about another but a social construct that emerges through communication. Despite the huge importance in coordinating human behavior, such a communicative aspect has remained…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-10-15 Youngsuk Mun , Quang Anh Le , Seung Ki Baek

Indirect reciprocity is a key mechanism that promotes cooperation in social dilemmas by means of reputation. Although it has been a common practice to represent reputations by binary values, either `good' or `bad', such a dichotomy is a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-01-17 Yohsuke Murase , Minjae Kim , Seung Ki Baek