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Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Julian Haas , Ragnar Mogk , Annette Bieniusa , Mira Mezini

***** This design is a duplicate of a Causal Length Set (see notes in the comments). We leave nonetheless the original paper here because the proofs are referred to in another submission.***** The 2P-Set Conflict-Free Replicated Data Type…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Erick Lavoie

We explore the property of equivocation tolerance for Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs). We show that a subclass of CRDTs is equivocation-tolerant and can thereby cope with any number of Byzantine faults: Without equivocation…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Florian Jacob , Saskia Bayreuther , Hannes Hartenstein

Distributed storage systems employ replication to improve performance and reliability. To provide low latency data access, replicas are often required to accept updates without coordination with each other, and the updates are then…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuqi Zhang , Hengfeng Wei , Yu Huang

Many applications model their data in a general-purpose storage format such as JSON. This data structure is modified by the application as a result of user input. Such modifications are well understood if performed sequentially on a single…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-16 Martin Kleppmann , Alastair R. Beresford

Data replication is used in distributed systems to maintain up-to-date copies of shared data across multiple computers in a network. However, despite decades of research, algorithms for achieving consistency in replicated systems are still…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Victor B. F. Gomes , Martin Kleppmann , Dominic P. Mulligan , Alastair R. Beresford

We introduce Conflict-Aware Replicated Data Types (CARDs). CARDs are significantly more expressive than Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) as they support operations that can conflict with each other. Introducing conflicting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Nicholas V. Lewchenko , Arjun Radhakrishna , Akash Gaonkar , Pavol Černý

The need for real-time collaborative solutions in model-driven engineering has been increasing over the past years. Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDT) provide scalable and robust replication mechanisms that align well with the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Istvan David , Eugene Syriani

OT (Operational Transformation) was invented for supporting real-time co-editors in the late 1980s and has evolved to become core techniques widely used in today's working co-editors and adopted in industrial products. CRDT (Commutative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 David Sun , Chengzheng Sun , Agustina Ng , Weiwei Cai

Replication ensures data availability in fault-prone distributed systems. The celebrated CAP theorem stipulates that replicas cannot guarantee both strong consistency and availability under network partitions. A popular alternative, adopted…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Petr Kuznetsov , Maxence Perion , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow collaborative access to an app's data. We describe a novel CRDT operation, for-each on the list of CRDTs, and demonstrate its use in collaborative apps. Our for-each operation applies a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Matthew Weidner , Ria Pradeep , Benito Geordie , Heather Miller

OT (Operational Transformation) was invented for supporting real-time co-editors in the late 1980s and has evolved to become a core technique used in today's working co-editors and adopted in major industrial products. CRDT (Commutative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Chengzheng Sun , David Sun , Agustina , Weiwei Cai

Geo-distributed systems often replicate data at multiple locations to achieve availability and performance despite network partitions. These systems must accept updates at any replica and propagate these updates asynchronously to every…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Constantin Enea , Suha Orhun Mutluergil , Gustavo Petri , Chao Wang

State-based Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are widely used in distributed systems to ensure high availability without coordination. However, their naive synchronization strategy - transmitting the full state - incurs high…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Pedro Silva Gomes , Miguel Boaventura Rodrigues , Carlos Baquero

Distributed systems adopt weak consistency to ensure high availability and low latency, but state convergence is hard to guarantee due to conflicts. Experts carefully design replicated data types (RDTs) that resemble sequential data types…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Kevin De Porre , Carla Ferreira , Elisa Gonzalez Boix

With the increased adaption of blockchain technologies, permissioned blockchains such as Hyperledger Fabric provide a robust ecosystem for developing production-grade decentralized applications. However, the additional latency between…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Pezhman Nasirifard , Ruben Mayer , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

Conventional blockchains use consensus algorithms that totally order updates across all accounts, which is stronger than necessary to implement a replicated ledger. This makes updates slower and more expensive than necessary. More recent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Erick Lavoie

OT (Operational Transformation) was invented for supporting real-time co-editors in the late 1980s and has evolved to become a core technique used in today's working co-editors and adopted in major industrial products. CRDT (Commutative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-08 Chengzheng Sun , David Sun , Agustina , Weiwei Cai

General solutions of state machine replication have to ensure that all replicas apply the same commands in the same order, even in the presence of failures. Such strict ordering incurs high synchronization costs caused by distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Jan Skrzypczak , Florian Schintke , Thorsten Schütt

Distributed systems address the increasing demand for fast access to resources and fault tolerance for data. However, due to scalability requirements, software developers need to trade consistency for performance. For certain data,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Xin Zhao , Philipp Haller