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Gender-inclusive NLP research has documented the harmful limitations of gender binary-centric large language models (LLM), such as the inability to correctly use gender-diverse English neopronouns (e.g., xe, zir, fae). While data scarcity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Anaelia Ovalle , Ninareh Mehrabi , Palash Goyal , Jwala Dhamala , Kai-Wei Chang , Richard Zemel , Aram Galstyan , Yuval Pinter , Rahul Gupta

Almost all existing machine translation models are built on top of character-based vocabularies: characters, subwords or words. Rare characters from noisy text or character-rich languages such as Japanese and Chinese however can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Changhan Wang , Kyunghyun Cho , Jiatao Gu

Tokenization is associated with many poorly understood shortcomings in language models (LMs), yet remains an important component for long sequence scaling purposes. This work studies how tokenization impacts model performance by analyzing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Buu Phan , Brandon Amos , Itai Gat , Marton Havasi , Matthew Muckley , Karen Ullrich

Language modeling is a fundamental task in natural language processing, which has been thoroughly explored with various architectures and hyperparameters. However, few studies focus on the effect of sub-word segmentation on the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Jue Hou , Anisia Katinskaia , Anh-Duc Vu , Roman Yangarber

We introduce a morpheme-aware subword tokenization method that utilizes sub-character decomposition to address the challenges of applying Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) to Korean, a language characterized by its rich morphology and unique writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Taehee Jeon , Bongseok Yang , Changhwan Kim , Yoonseob Lim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional versatility across domains, including applications to electrocardiograms (ECGs). A growing body of work focuses on generating text from multi-channeled ECG signals and corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 William Han , Chaojing Duan , Michael A. Rosenberg , Emerson Liu , Ding Zhao

We explore the use of segments learnt using Byte Pair Encoding (referred to as BPE units) as basic units for statistical machine translation between related languages and compare it with orthographic syllables, which are currently the best…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Anoop Kunchukuttan , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Tokenization underlies every large language model, yet it remains an under-theorized and inconsistently designed component. Common subword approaches such as Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) offer scalability but often misalign with linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sawsan Alqahtani , Mir Tafseer Nayeem , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Tasnim Mohiuddin , M Saiful Bari

Subword regularization methods such as BPE dropout are typically applied only during fine-tuning, while pretraining is usually done with deterministic tokenization. This creates a potential segmentation mismatch between pretraining and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ruan Visser , Trienko Grobler , Marcel Dunaiski

In this work, we investigate the positional encoding methods used in language pre-training (e.g., BERT) and identify several problems in the existing formulations. First, we show that in the absolute positional encoding, the addition…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Guolin Ke , Di He , Tie-Yan Liu

Neural sequence-to-sequence models provide a competitive approach to the task of mapping a question in natural language to an SQL query, also referred to as text-to-SQL generation. The Byte-Pair Encoding algorithm (BPE) has previously been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Samuel Müller , Andreas Vlachos

As a cornerstone in language modeling, tokenization involves segmenting text inputs into pre-defined atomic units. Conventional statistical tokenizers often disrupt constituent boundaries within words, thereby corrupting semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Qingyang Zhu , Xiang Hu , Pengyu Ji , Wei Wu , Kewei Tu

When used with deep learning, the symbolic music modality is often coupled with language model architectures. To do so, the music needs to be tokenized, i.e. converted into a sequence of discrete tokens. This can be achieved by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

Recent dynamic tokenisation methods operate directly on bytes and pool their latent representations into patches. This bears similarities to computational models of word segmentation that determine lexical boundaries using spikes in an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zébulon Goriely , Suchir Salhan , Pietro Lesci , Julius Cheng , Paula Buttery

This paper presents a novel hybrid tokenization strategy that enhances the performance of DNA Language Models (DLMs) by combining 6-mer tokenization with Byte Pair Encoding (BPE-600). Traditional k-mer tokenization is effective at capturing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ganesh Sapkota , Md Hasibur Rahman

The cross-lingual language models are typically pretrained with masked language modeling on multilingual text or parallel sentences. In this paper, we introduce denoising word alignment as a new cross-lingual pre-training task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Zewen Chi , Li Dong , Bo Zheng , Shaohan Huang , Xian-Ling Mao , Heyan Huang , Furu Wei

In language processing, transformers benefit greatly from text being condensed. This is achieved through a larger vocabulary that captures word fragments instead of plain characters. This is often done with Byte Pair Encoding. In the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Tim Elsner , Paula Usinger , Julius Nehring-Wirxel , Gregor Kobsik , Victor Czech , Yanjiang He , Isaak Lim , Leif Kobbelt

Subword tokenization methods like Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) are widely used in large language models due to their balance of vocabulary compactness and representational power. However, they suffer from inefficiencies in representing rare…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Rares Dolga , Lucas Maystre , Tudor Berariu , David Barber

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant progress in vision-language understanding, yet effectively aligning different modalities remains a fundamental challenge. We present a framework that unifies multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Wanpeng Zhang , Yicheng Feng , Hao Luo , Yijiang Li , Zihao Yue , Sipeng Zheng , Zongqing Lu

The popular subword tokenizers of current language models, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), are known not to respect morpheme boundaries, which affects the downstream performance of the models. While many improved tokenization algorithms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Khuyagbaatar Batsuren , Ekaterina Vylomova , Verna Dankers , Tsetsuukhei Delgerbaatar , Omri Uzan , Yuval Pinter , Gábor Bella