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This paper introduces unit-specific heterogeneity in panel data threshold regression. We develop the asymptotic theory for models with heterogeneous thresholds, heterogeneous slope coefficients, and interactive fixed effects. The estimation…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-27 Marco Barassi , Yiannis Karavias , Chongxian Zhu

This paper considers a model with general regressors and unobservable factors. An estimator based on iterated principal components is proposed, which is shown to be not only asymptotically normal and oracle efficient, but under certain…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-23 Bin Peng , Liangjun Su , Joakim Westerlund , Yanrong Yang

We consider estimation and inference for a regression coefficient in panels with interactive fixed effects (i.e., with a factor structure). We demonstrate that existing estimators and confidence intervals (CIs) can be heavily biased and…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-13 Timothy B. Armstrong , Martin Weidner , Andrei Zeleneev

In discrete choice panel data, estimation of average effects is crucial for quantifying the effect of covariates, and for policy evaluation and counterfactual analysis. However, in short panels with individual-specific effects, challenges…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-27 Cavit Pakel , Martin Weidner

The past 20 years have brought fundamental advances in modeling unobserved heterogeneity in panel data. Interactive Fixed Effects (IFE) proved to be a foundational framework, generalizing the standard one-way and two-way fixed effects…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-15 Jan Ditzen , Yiannis Karavias

Factor structures or interactive effects are convenient devices to incorporate latent variables in panel data models. We consider fixed effect estimation of nonlinear panel single-index models with factor structures in the unobservables,…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-10-16 Mingli Chen , Iván Fernández-Val , Martin Weidner

Nonseparable panel models are important in a variety of economic settings, including discrete choice. This paper gives identification and estimation results for nonseparable models under time homogeneity conditions that are like "time is…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-08 Victor Chernozhukov , Ivan Fernandez-Val , Jinyong Hahn , Whitney Newey

We provide new results for nonparametric identification, estimation, and inference of causal effects using `proxy controls': observables that are noisy but informative proxies for unobserved confounding factors. Our analysis applies to…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-11-22 Ben Deaner

This paper develops bootstrap methods for practical statistical inference in panel data quantile regression models with fixed effects. We consider random-weighted bootstrap resampling and formally establish its validity for asymptotic…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-11-08 Antonio F. Galvao , Thomas Parker , Zhijie Xiao

We study the interactive effects (IE) model as an extension of the conventional additive effects (AE) model. For the AE model, the fixed effects estimator can be obtained by applying least squares to a regression that adds a linear…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-10-17 Robert F. Phillips , Benjamin D. Williams

We explore how violations of the often-overlooked standard assumption that the random effects model matrix in a linear mixed model is fixed (and thus independent of the random effects vector) can lead to bias in estimators of estimable…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Andrew T. Karl , Dale L. Zimmerman

We develop a general estimation and inference procedure for the common parameters in linear panel data regression models with nonparametric two-way specification of unobserved heterogeneity. The procedure takes as input any first-step…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-08 Hugo Freeman , Dennis Kristensen

This paper analyzes how interaction effects can be consistently estimated under economically plausible assumptions in linear panel models with a fixed $T$-dimension. We advocate for a \emph{correlated interaction term estimator} (CITE) and…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-03-18 Chris Muris , Konstantin Wacker

We consider a linear mixed-effects model with a clustered structure, where the parameters are estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) based on possibly unbalanced data. Inference with this model is typically done based on asymptotic theory,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-30 Chih-Hao Chang , Hsin-Cheng Huang , Ching-Kang Ing

Dynamic factor models are often estimated by point-estimation methods, disregarding parameter uncertainty. We propose a method accounting for parameter uncertainty by means of posterior approximation, using variational inference. Our…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-14 Erik Spånberg

This paper studies a linear model for multidimensional panel data of three or more dimensions with unobserved interactive fixed-effects. The main estimator uses a Neyman-orthogonal approach, and requires two preliminary steps. First, the…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-06 Hugo Freeman

We study the estimation of average effects in nonlinear panel data models with fixed effects when the time dimension $T$ is only moderately large. Our approach, called approximate operator inversion (AOI), offers a new perspective on bias…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-07 Jad Beyhum , Geert Dhaene , Cavit Pakel , Martin Weidner

This paper focuses on estimating the coefficients and average partial effects of observed regressors in nonlinear panel data models with interactive fixed effects, using the common correlated effects (CCE) framework. The proposed two-step…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-04-27 Liang Chen , Minyuan Zhang

We propose statistical inferential procedures for panel data models with interactive fixed effects in a kernel ridge regression framework.Compared with traditional sieve methods, our method is automatic in the sense that it does not require…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-03-10 Shunan Zhao , Ruiqi Liu , Zuofeng Shang

This paper presents robust inference methods for general linear hypotheses in linear panel data models with latent group structure in the coefficients. We employ a selective conditional inference approach, deriving the conditional…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-11-25 Oguzhan Akgun , Ryo Okui