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This study introduces Knowledge Augmented Question Generation (KAQG), an educational assessment framework that integrates Item Response Theory, abbreviated as IRT, Bloom's Taxonomy, and knowledge graphs into a multi-agent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ching Han Chen , Ming Fang Shiu

Generating questions along with associated answers from a text has applications in several domains, such as creating reading comprehension tests for students, or improving document search by providing auxiliary questions and answers based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Asahi Ushio , Fernando Alva-Manchego , Jose Camacho-Collados

Question generation (QG) is a natural language generation task where a model is trained to ask questions corresponding to some input text. Most recent approaches frame QG as a sequence-to-sequence problem and rely on additional features and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Luis Enrico Lopez , Diane Kathryn Cruz , Jan Christian Blaise Cruz , Charibeth Cheng

The evolution of digital manufacturing requires intelligent Question Answering (QA) systems that can seamlessly integrate and analyze complex multi-modal data, such as text, images, formulas, and tables. Conventional Retrieval Augmented…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yunqing Li , Zihan Dong , Farhad Ameri , Jianbang Zhang

Multi-hop question generation (MQG) aims to generate complex questions which require reasoning over multiple pieces of information of the input passage. Most existing work on MQG has focused on exploring graph-based networks to equip the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Dan Su , Peng Xu , Pascale Fung

Existing Scholarly Question Answering (QA) methods typically target homogeneous data sources, relying solely on either text or Knowledge Graphs (KGs). However, scholarly information often spans heterogeneous sources, necessitating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Tilahun Abedissa Taffa , Debayan Banerjee , Yaregal Assabie , Ricardo Usbeck

Despite recent progress, state-of-the-art question answering models remain vulnerable to a variety of adversarial attacks. While dynamic adversarial data collection, in which a human annotator tries to write examples that fool a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Max Bartolo , Tristan Thrush , Robin Jia , Sebastian Riedel , Pontus Stenetorp , Douwe Kiela

Proprietary corporate documents contain rich domain-specific knowledge, but their overwhelming volume and disorganized structure make it difficult even for employees to access the right information when needed. For example, in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Nayoung Choi , Grace Byun , Andrew Chung , Ellie S. Paek , Shinsun Lee , Jinho D. Choi

Question Answering (QA) has seen significant improvements with the advancement of machine learning models, further studies enhanced this question answering system by retrieving external information, called Retrieval-Augmented Generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 William Christian , Daniel Adamlu , Adrian Yu , Derwin Suhartono

Knowledge graph (KG) is known to be helpful for the task of question answering (QA), since it provides well-structured relational information between entities, and allows one to further infer indirect facts. However, it is challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Yuyu Zhang , Hanjun Dai , Zornitsa Kozareva , Alexander J. Smola , Le Song

Automatic question generation (AQG) has broad applicability in domains such as tutoring systems, conversational agents, healthcare literacy, and information retrieval. Existing efforts at AQG have been limited to short answer lengths of up…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Shlok Kumar Mishra , Pranav Goel , Abhishek Sharma , Abhyuday Jagannatha , David Jacobs , Hal Daumé

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offer a promising approach to robust and explainable Question Answering (QA). While LLMs excel at natural language understanding, they suffer from knowledge gaps and hallucinations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jasper Linders , Jakub M. Tomczak

This paper proposes a novel training method to improve the robustness of Extractive Question Answering (EQA) models. Previous research has shown that existing models, when trained on EQA datasets that include unanswerable questions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Son Quoc Tran , Matt Kretchmar

Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xikun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li

Models for conversational question answering (ConvQA) over knowledge graphs (KGs) are usually trained and tested on benchmarks of gold QA pairs. This implies that training is limited to surface forms seen in the respective datasets, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Magdalena Kaiser , Rishiraj Saha Roy , Gerhard Weikum

Many unanswerable adversarial questions fool the question-answer (QA) system with some plausible answers. Building a robust, frequently asked questions (FAQ) chatbot needs a large amount of diverse adversarial examples. Recent question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Yan Pan , Mingyang Ma , Bernhard Pflugfelder , Georg Groh

Question Answering (QA) is key for making possible a robust communication between human and machine. Modern language models used for QA have surpassed the human-performance in several essential tasks; however, these models require large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Liubov Nikolenko , Pouya Rezazadeh Kalehbasti

A large majority of American adults get at least some of their news from the Internet. Even though many online news products have the goal of informing their users about the news, they lack scalable and reliable tools for measuring how well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Adam D. Lelkes , Vinh Q. Tran , Cong Yu

Companies regularly have to contend with multi-release systems, where several versions of the same software are in operation simultaneously. Question answering over documents from multi-release systems poses challenges because different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Parham Khamsepour , Mark Cole , Ish Ashraf , Sandeep Puri , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Shiva Nejati

Text-based Question Generation (QG) aims at generating natural and relevant questions that can be answered by a given answer in some context. Existing QG models suffer from a "semantic drift" problem, i.e., the semantics of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Shiyue Zhang , Mohit Bansal