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Using backpropagation to compute gradients of objective functions for optimization has remained a mainstay of machine learning. Backpropagation, or reverse-mode differentiation, is a special case within the general family of automatic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Atılım Güneş Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Don Syme , Frank Wood , Philip Torr

Saliency methods -- techniques to identify the importance of input features on a model's output -- are a common step in understanding neural network behavior. However, interpreting saliency requires tedious manual inspection to identify and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Angie Boggust , Benjamin Hoover , Arvind Satyanarayan , Hendrik Strobelt

Saliency maps can explain a neural model's predictions by identifying important input features. They are difficult to interpret for laypeople, especially for instances with many features. In order to make them more accessible, we formalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Nils Feldhus , Leonhard Hennig , Maximilian Dustin Nasert , Christopher Ebert , Robert Schwarzenberg , Sebastian Möller

We present a new method for image salience prediction, Clustered Saliency Prediction. This method divides subjects into clusters based on their personal features and their known saliency maps, and generates an image salience model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Rezvan Sherkati , James J. Clark

We introduce a new technique for gradient normalization during neural network training. The gradients are rescaled during the backward pass using normalization layers introduced at certain points within the network architecture. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Alejandro Cabana , Luis F. Lago-Fernández

Uncertainty estimation in large deep-learning models is a computationally challenging task, where it is difficult to form even a Gaussian approximation to the posterior distribution. In such situations, existing methods usually resort to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Aaron Mishkin , Frederik Kunstner , Didrik Nielsen , Mark Schmidt , Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan

Recent efforts to improve the interpretability of deep neural networks use saliency to characterize the importance of input features to predictions made by models. Work on interpretability using saliency-based methods on Recurrent Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Aya Abdelsalam Ismail , Mohamed Gunady , Luiz Pessoa , Héctor Corrada Bravo , Soheil Feizi

This paper proposes a novel saliency detection method by developing a deeply-supervised recurrent convolutional neural network (DSRCNN), which performs a full image-to-image saliency prediction. For saliency detection, the local, global,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-19 Youbao Tang , Xiangqian Wu , Wei Bu

Training neural networks with reinforcement learning (RL) typically relies on backpropagation (BP), necessitating storage of activations from the forward pass for subsequent backward updates. Furthermore, backpropagating error signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Daniel Tanneberg

This paper presents an approach for top-down saliency detection guided by visual classification tasks. We first learn how to compute visual saliency when a specific visual task has to be accomplished, as opposed to most state-of-the-art…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Francesca Murabito , Concetto Spampinato , Simone Palazzo , Konstantin Pogorelov , Michael Riegler

The gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method can faithfully highlight important regions in images for deep model prediction in image classification, image captioning and many other tasks. It uses the gradients in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Lei Chen , Jianhui Chen , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

Gradient-based analysis methods, such as saliency map visualizations and adversarial input perturbations, have found widespread use in interpreting neural NLP models due to their simplicity, flexibility, and most importantly, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Junlin Wang , Jens Tuyls , Eric Wallace , Sameer Singh

Benefiting from deep learning research and large-scale datasets, saliency prediction has achieved significant success in the past decade. However, it still remains challenging to predict saliency maps on images in new domains that lack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Yan Luo , Yongkang Wong , Mohan S. Kankanhalli , Qi Zhao

Saliency maps are increasingly used as design guidance in siRNA efficacy prediction, yet attribution methods are rarely validated before motivating sequence edits. We introduce a pre-synthesis gate: a protocol for counterfactual sensitivity…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-09 Zahra Khodagholi , Niloofar Yousefi

Convolutional neural networks often generate multiple logits and use simple techniques like addition or averaging for loss computation. But this allows gradients to be distributed equally among all paths. The proposed approach guides the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Bodhisatwa Mandal , Swarnendu Ghosh , Teresa Gonçalves , Paulo Quaresma , Mita Nasipuri , Nibaran Das

Saliency maps are widely used for visual explanations in deep learning, but a fundamental lack of consensus persists regarding their intended purpose and alignment with diverse user queries. This ambiguity hinders the effective evaluation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yehonatan Elisha , Seffi Cohen , Oren Barkan , Noam Koenigstein

Saliency prediction models are constrained by the limited diversity and quantity of labeled data. Standard data augmentation techniques such as rotating and cropping alter scene composition, affecting saliency. We propose a novel data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Bahar Aydemir , Deblina Bhattacharjee , Tong Zhang , Mathieu Salzmann , Sabine Süsstrunk

Learning computational models for visual attention (saliency estimation) is an effort to inch machines/robots closer to human visual cognitive abilities. Data-driven efforts have dominated the landscape since the introduction of deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Navyasri Reddy , Samyak Jain , Pradeep Yarlagadda , Vineet Gandhi

Despite the tremendous achievements of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in many computer vision tasks, understanding how they actually work remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel two-step understanding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Heyi Li , Yunke Tian , Klaus Mueller , Xin Chen

In this paper, we propose a new variant of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to solve multi-label classification tasks. The proposed method is based on a probabilistic model for defining the weights of individual samples in a weighted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Lei Xu , Jenni Raitoharju , Alexandros Iosifidis , Moncef Gabbouj