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Open-domain dialog generation is a challenging problem; maximum likelihood training can lead to repetitive outputs, models have difficulty tracking long-term conversational goals, and training on standard movie or online datasets may lead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Abdelrhman Saleh , Natasha Jaques , Asma Ghandeharioun , Judy Hanwen Shen , Rosalind Picard

Large language model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly trained with reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their ability to interact with external environments through tool use, particularly in search-based settings that require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Guoqing Wang , Sunhao Dai , Guangze Ye , Zeyu Gan , Wei Yao , Yong Deng , Xiaofeng Wu , Zhenzhe Ying

Reinforcement learning (RL) can align language models with non-differentiable reward signals, such as human preferences. However, a major challenge arises from the sparsity of these reward signals - typically, there is only a single reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Meng Cao , Lei Shu , Lei Yu , Yun Zhu , Nevan Wichers , Yinxiao Liu , Lei Meng

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven to be well-performed and general-purpose in the inventory control (IC). However, further improvement of RL algorithms in the IC domain is impeded due to two limitations of online experience. First,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zifan Liu , Xinran Li , Shibo Chen , Gen Li , Jiashuo Jiang , Jun Zhang

Unified multimodal understanding and generation models recently have achieve significant improvement in image generation capability, yet a large gap remains in instruction following and detail preservation compared to systems that tightly…

Generative models have made significant progress in synthesizing visual content, including images, videos, and 3D/4D structures. However, they are typically trained with surrogate objectives such as likelihood or reconstruction loss, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuanzhi Liang , Yijie Fang , Ke Hao , Rui Li , Ziqi Ni , Ruijie Su , Chi Zhang

In an era of countless content offerings, recommender systems alleviate information overload by providing users with personalized content suggestions. Due to the scarcity of explicit user feedback, modern recommender systems typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Jessica Maghakian , Paul Mineiro , Kishan Panaganti , Mark Rucker , Akanksha Saran , Cheng Tan

Natural Language Generation (NLG) for task-oriented dialogue systems focuses on communicating specific content accurately, fluently, and coherently. While these attributes are crucial for a successful dialogue, it is also desirable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Alicia Y. Tsai , Shereen Oraby , Vittorio Perera , Jiun-Yu Kao , Yuheng Du , Anjali Narayan-Chen , Tagyoung Chung , Dilek Hakkani-Tur

For many reinforcement learning (RL) applications, specifying a reward is difficult. This paper considers an RL setting where the agent obtains information about the reward only by querying an expert that can, for example, evaluate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 David Lindner , Matteo Turchetta , Sebastian Tschiatschek , Kamil Ciosek , Andreas Krause

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds Large Language Models (LLMs) in external knowledge but often suffers from flat context representations and stateless retrieval, leading to unstable performance. We propose Stateful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Qi Dong , Ziheng Lin , Ning Ding

The ability of a dialog system to express consistent language style during conversations has a direct, positive impact on its usability and on user satisfaction. Although previous studies have demonstrated that style transfer is feasible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Hao Fu , Yan Wang , Ruihua Song , Tianran Hu , Jianyun Nie

While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, producing high-quality creative stories remains challenging. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising solution but faces two critical obstacles: designing reliable reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zhaoyan Li , Hang Lei , Yujia Wang , Lanbo Liu , Hao Liu , Liang Yu

To meet the requirements of real-world applications, it is essential to control generations of large language models (LLMs). Prior research has tried to introduce reinforcement learning (RL) into controllable text generation while most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wendi Li , Wei Wei , Kaihe Xu , Wenfeng Xie , Dangyang Chen , Yu Cheng

Associative thinking--the ability to connect seemingly unrelated ideas--is a foundational element of human creativity and problem-solving. This paper explores whether reinforcement learning (RL) guided by associative thinking principles can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mukul Singh , Ananya Singha , Aishni Parab , Pronita Mehrotra , Sumit Gulwani

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in reasoning capabilities. However, their performance remains constrained by limited access to explicit and structured domain knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Junlin Wu , Xianrui Zhong , Jiashuo Sun , Bolian Li , Bowen Jin , Jiawei Han , Qingkai Zeng

Large language models (LLMs) play a key role in generating evidence-based and stylistic counter-arguments, yet their effectiveness in real-world applications has been underexplored. Previous research often neglects the balance between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Preetika Verma , Kokil Jaidka , Svetlana Churina

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate superior performance in generative scenarios and have attracted widespread attention. Among them, stylized dialogue generation is essential in the context of LLMs for building intelligent and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jinpeng Li , Zekai Zhang , Quan Tu , Xin Cheng , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

The majority of language model training builds on imitation learning. It covers pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, and affects the starting conditions for reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). The simplicity and scalability…

Current Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue Generation (KDG) models specialize in producing rational and factual responses. However, to establish long-term relationships with users, the KDG model needs the capability to generate responses in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Qingfeng Sun , Can Xu , Huang Hu , Yujing Wang , Jian Miao , Xiubo Geng , Yining Chen , Fei Xu , Daxin Jiang

Controlled text generation tasks such as unsupervised text style transfer have increasingly adopted the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL). A major challenge in applying RL to such tasks is the sparse reward, which is available only after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Bhargav Upadhyay , Akhilesh Sudhakar , Arjun Maheswaran