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I provide a simple derivation of the Born rule as giving a classical probability, that is, the ratio of the measure of favorable states of the system to the measure of its total possible states. In classical systems, the probability is due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Ovidiu Cristinel Stoica

It is proposed to define "quantumness" of a system (micro or macroscopic, physical, biological, social, political) by starting with understanding that quantum mechanics is a statistical theory. It says us only about probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Andrei Khrennikov

The application of a random modulation of a system parameter usually increases decoherence effects. Here we show how, employing an appropriate stochastic modulation, it is instead possible to preserve the quantum coherence of a system.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Stefano Mancini , David Vitali , Paolo Tombesi , Rodolfo Bonifacio

We consider several observers who monitor different parts of the environment of a single quantum system and use their data to deduce its state. We derive a set of conditional stochastic master equations that describe the evolution of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Jacek Dziarmaga , Diego A. R. Dalvit , Wojciech H. Zurek

With a choice of boundary conditions for solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation, state vectors and density operators even for closed systems evolve asymmetrically in time. For open systems, standard quantum mechanics consequently predicts…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-25 P. W. Bryant

Projective measurement is used as a fundamental axiom in quantum mechanics, even though it is discontinuous and cannot predict which measured operator eigenstate will be observed in which experimental run. The probabilistic Born rule gives…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-09 Apoorva Patel , Parveen Kumar

A state selected at random from the Hilbert space of a many-body system is overwhelmingly likely to exhibit highly non-classical correlations. For these typical states, half of the environment must be measured by an observer to determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-26 C. Jess Riedel , Wojciech H. Zurek , Michael Zwolak

Quantum mechanics can emerge from classical statistics. A typical quantum system describes an isolated subsystem of a classical statistical ensemble with infinitely many classical states. The state of this subsystem can be characterized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

The dynamics of many open quantum systems are described by stochastic master equations. In the discrete-time case, we recall the structure of the derived quantum filter governing the evolution of the density operator conditioned to the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-03-23 Pierre Six , Philippe Campagne-Ibarcq , Landry Bretheau , Benjamin Huard , Pierre Rouchon

One of the broadest concepts of measurement in quantum theory is the generalized measurement. Another paradigm of measurement--arising naturally in quantum optics, among other fields--is that of continuous-time measurements, which can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Martin Varbanov , Todd A. Brun

We present a detailed report on the decoherence of quantum states of continuous variable systems under the action of a quantum optical master equation resulting from the interaction with general Gaussian uncorrelated environments. The rate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Serafini , M. G. A. Paris , F. Illuminati , S. De Siena

If the block universe view is correct, the future and the past have similar status and one would expect physical theories to involve final as well as initial boundary conditions. A plausible consistency condition between the initial and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. J. Miller

In a partially observed quantum or classical system the information that we cannot access results in our description of the system becoming mixed even if we have perfect initial knowledge. That is, if the system is quantum the conditional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Jay Gambetta , H. M. Wiseman

This paper aims to show how adoption of a pragmatist interpretation permits a satisfactory resolution of the quantum measurement problem. The classic measurement problem dissolves once one recognizes that it is not the function of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-08-01 Richard Healey

In orthodox quantum theory, decoherence is presumed to be caused by observation. In this paper, the idea of replacing observation, as the cause of decoherence, with rules derived from the dynamics of the system is addressed. Such rules…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas L. Cooper

Observations or measurements taken of a quantum system (a small number of fundamental particles) are inherently random. If the state of the system depends on unknown parameters, then the distribution of the outcome depends on these…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Richard D. Gill

We investigate quantum systems perturbed by noise in the form of repeated interactions between the system and the environment. As the number of interactions (aka time steps) tends to infinity, we show, following the works by Pellegrini,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Antoine Jacquier , Kostas Kardaras , Adeline Viot

The so-called quantum measurement problems are solved from a new perspective. One of the main observations is that the basic entities of our world are {\it particles}, elementary or composite. It follows that each elementary process, hence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-20 Kenichi Konishi

We address the characterization of classical fractional random noise via quantum probes. In particular, we focus on estimation and discrimination problems involving the fractal dimension of the trajectories of a system subject to fractional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-18 Matteo G. A. Paris

One way to look for complex behaviours in many-body quantum systems is to let the number $N$ of degrees of freedom become large and focus upon collective observables. Mean-field quantities scaling as $1/N$ tend to commute, whence complexity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-29 F. Benatti , F. Carollo , R. Floreanini