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Recently, decentralised (on-blockchain) platforms have emerged to complement centralised (off-blockchain) platforms for the implementation of automated, digital (smart) contracts. However, neither alternative can individually satisfy the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Carlos Molina-Jimenez , Ioannis Sfyrakis , Ellis Solaiman , Irene Ng , Meng Weng Wong , Alexis Chun , Jon Crowcroft

Ethereum has become a widely used platform to enable secure, Blockchain-based financial and business transactions. However, many identified bugs and vulnerabilities in smart contracts have led to serious financial losses, which raises…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zhipeng Gao

As the Ethereum platform continues to mature and gain widespread usage, it is crucial to maintain high standards of smart contract writing practices. While bad practices in smart contracts may not directly lead to security issues, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xiaoqi Li , Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Yuqing Zhang , Xin Wang

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on a blockchain to ensure immutable and transparent agreements without the involvement of intermediaries. Despite the growing popularity of smart contracts for many blockchain platforms like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Taeyoung Kim , Yunhee Jang , Chanjong Lee , Hyungjoon Koo , Hyoungshick Kim

Smart contract security has progressed from vulnerability detection toward a broader research agenda that includes semantic reasoning, automated repair, adversarial robustness, and real-time exploit detection. This paper develops a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tamer Abdelaziz

Smart contracts (SC) are software codes which reside and run over a blockchain. The code can be written in different languages with the common purpose of implementing various kinds of transactions onto the hosting blockchain, They are ruled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Roberto Tonelli , Giuseppe Destefanis , Michele Marchesi , Marco Ortu

With the recent popularity of Blockchain and other Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), blockchain enabled smart contract applications has attracted increased research focus. However, the immutability of the blocks, where the smart…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Mahdi H. Miraz , Maaruf Ali

We propose and compare two approaches to identify smart contracts as token systems by analyzing their public bytecode. The first approach symbolically executes the code in order to detect token systems by their characteristic behavior of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Michael Fröwis , Andreas Fuchs , Rainer Böhme

Since it takes time and effort to put a new product or service on the market, one would like to predict whether it will be a success. In general this is not possible, but it is possible to follow best practices in order to maximise the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Pieter Hartel , Ivan Homoliak , Daniël Reijsbergen

Smart contracts are the building blocks of the "code is law" paradigm: the smart contract's code indisputably describes how its assets are to be managed - once it is created, its code is typically immutable. Faulty smart contracts present…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Pedro Antonino , Juliandson Ferreira , Augusto Sampaio , A. W. Roscoe

Smart contract is a special program that manages digital assets on blockchain. It is difficult to recover the loss if users make transactions through buggy smart contracts, which cannot be directly fixed. Hence, it is important to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Haoran Wu , Xingya Wang , Jiehui Xu , Weiqin Zou , Lingming Zhang , Zhenyu Chen

The increasing demand for scalable blockchain has driven research into parallel execution models for smart contracts. Crystality is a novel smart contract programming language designed for parallel Ethereum Virtual Machines (EVMs), enabling…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ziyun Xu , Hao Wang , Meng Sun

The development of blockchain technologies has enabled the trustless execution of so-called smart contracts, i.e. programs that regulate the exchange of assets (e.g., cryptocurrency) between users. In a decentralized blockchain, the state…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Massimo Bartoletti , Letterio Galletta , Maurizio Murgia

Turing-completeness of smart contract languages in blockchain systems is often associated with a variety of language features (such as loops). In opposite, we show that Turing-completeness of a blockchain system can be achieved through…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Alexander Chepurnoy , Vasily Kharin , Dmitry Meshkov

The deployment and management of Blockchain applications require non-trivial efforts given the unique characteristics of their infrastructure (i.e., immutability) and the complexity of the software systems being executed. The operation of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Luciano Baresi , Giovanni Quattrocchi , Damian Andrew Tamburri , Luca Terracciano

Bitcoin and Ethereum, whose miners arguably collectively comprise the most powerful computational resource in the history of mankind, offer no more power for processing and verifying transactions than a typical smart phone. The system…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Jason Teutsch , Christian Reitwießner

Smart contracts are central to a myriad of critical blockchain applications, from financial transactions to supply chain management. However, their adoption is hindered by security vulnerabilities that can result in significant financial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dalila Ressi , Alvise Spanò , Lorenzo Benetollo , Carla Piazza , Michele Bugliesi , Sabina Rossi

In the area of blockchains, a wallet is anything that manages the access to cryptocurrencies and tokens. Off-chain wallets appear in different forms, from paper wallets to hardware wallets to dedicated wallet apps, while on-chain wallets…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

Blockchain recently became very popular due to its use in cryptocurrencies and potential application in various domains (e.g., retail, healthcare, insurance). The smart contract is a key part of blockchain systems and specifies an agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Fernando Richter Vidal , Naghmeh Ivaki , Nuno Laranjeiro

Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies are gaining unprecedented popularity and understanding. Meanwhile, Ethereum is gaining a significant popularity in the blockchain community, mainly due to the fact that it is designed in a way that enables…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-06 TonTon Hsien-De Huang