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Spatial reasoning is a critical capability for intelligent robots, yet current vision-language models (VLMs) still fall short of human-level performance in video-based spatial reasoning. This gap mainly stems from two challenges: a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zuntao Liu , Yi Du , Taimeng Fu , Shaoshu Su , Cherie Ho , Chen Wang

Robot planning in partially observable domains is difficult, because a robot needs to estimate the current state and plan actions at the same time. When the domain includes many objects, reasoning about the objects and their relationships…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Saeid Amiri , Kishan Chandan , Shiqi Zhang

Monocular 3D object parsing is highly desirable in various scenarios including occlusion reasoning and holistic scene interpretation. We present a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to localize semantic parts in 2D image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Chi Li , M. Zeeshan Zia , Quoc-Huy Tran , Xiang Yu , Gregory D. Hager , Manmohan Chandraker

A 3D scene consists of a set of objects, each with a shape and a layout giving their position in space. Understanding 3D scenes from 2D images is an important goal, with applications in robotics and graphics. While there have been recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Georgia Gkioxari , Nikhila Ravi , Justin Johnson

Visual perception and language understanding are - fundamental components of human intelligence, enabling them to understand and reason about objects and their interactions. It is crucial for machines to have this capacity to reason using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Thao Minh Le

When faced with complex spatial problems, humans naturally sketch layouts to organize their thinking, and the act of drawing further sharpens their understanding. In this work, we ask whether a similar principle holds for Large Language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Shiyuan Huang , Li Liu , Jincheng He , Leilani H. Gilpin

In many computer vision tasks, for example saliency prediction or semantic segmentation, the desired output is a foreground map that predicts pixels where some criteria is satisfied. Despite the inherently spatial nature of this task…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Nicholas Kolkin , Gregory Shakhnarovich , Eli Shechtman

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on perception-oriented tasks, yet their ability to perform mathematical spatial reasoning, defined as the capacity to parse and manipulate two- and three-dimensional…

Relative spatial relations provide a compact representation of spatial structure and are fundamental to relative spatial reasoning in 3D layout generation. Recent works leverage Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to infer such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhifeng Gu , Yuqi Wang , Bing Wang

New era has unlocked exciting possibilities for extending Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle 3D vision-language tasks. However, most existing 3D multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) rely on compressing holistic 3D scene information or segmenting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Xiaoyan Wang , Zeju Li , Yifan Xu , Jiaxing Qi , Zhifei Yang , Ruifei Ma , Xiangde Liu , Chao Zhang

Spatial understanding remains a weakness of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). Existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and recent reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) pipelines depend on costly supervision, specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yuhong Liu , Beichen Zhang , Yuhang Zang , Yuhang Cao , Long Xing , Xiaoyi Dong , Haodong Duan , Dahua Lin , Jiaqi Wang

Traditional computer graphics rendering pipeline is designed for procedurally generating 2D quality images from 3D shapes with high performance. The non-differentiability due to discrete operations such as visibility computation makes it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-10 Thu Nguyen-Phuoc , Chuan Li , Stephen Balaban , Yong-Liang Yang

Spatial reasoning, the ability to ground language in 3D understanding, remains a persistent challenge for Vision-Language Models (VLMs). We identify two fundamental bottlenecks: inadequate 3D understanding capabilities stemming from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yejie Guo , Yunzhong Hou , Wufei Ma , Meng Tang , Ming-Hsuan Yang

Despite the remarkable success of large-scale pre-trained image representation models (i.e., vision encoders) across various vision tasks, they are predominantly trained on 2D image data and therefore often fail to capture 3D spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Byungwoo Jeon , Dongyoung Kim , Huiwon Jang , Insoo Kim , Jinwoo Shin

This work aims to investigate the problem of 3D modeling using single free-hand sketches, which is one of the most natural ways we humans express ideas. Although sketch-based 3D modeling can drastically make the 3D modeling process more…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Tianrun Chen , Chenglong Fu , Lanyun Zhu , Papa Mao , Jia Zhang , Ying Zang , Lingyun Sun

Humans exhibit a remarkable ability to recognize co-visibility-the 3D regions simultaneously visible in multiple images-even when these images are sparsely distributed across a complex scene. This ability is foundational to 3D vision,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Chao Chen , Nobel Dang , Juexiao Zhang , Wenkai Sun , Pengfei Zheng , Xuhang He , Yimeng Ye , Jiasheng Zhang , Taarun Srinivas , Chen Feng

3D spatial understanding is essential in real-world applications such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, virtual reality, and medical imaging. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs), having demonstrated remarkable success across various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Jirong Zha , Yuxuan Fan , Xiao Yang , Chen Gao , Xinlei Chen

Recognizing precise geometrical configurations of groups of objects is a key capability of human spatial cognition, yet little studied in the deep learning literature so far. In particular, a fundamental problem is how a machine can learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Laetitia Teodorescu , Katja Hofmann , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks, but they continue to struggle with spatial understanding. Existing spatial MLLMs often rely on explicit 3D inputs or architecture-specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hunar Batra , Haoqin Tu , Hardy Chen , Yuanze Lin , Cihang Xie , Ronald Clark

Text-based Visual Question Answering~(TextVQA) aims to produce correct answers for given questions about the images with multiple scene texts. In most cases, the texts naturally attach to the surface of the objects. Therefore, spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Hao Li , Jinfa Huang , Peng Jin , Guoli Song , Qi Wu , Jie Chen