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Simulating quantum circuits with classical computers requires resources growing exponentially in terms of system size. Real quantum computer with noise, however, may be simulated polynomially with various methods considering different noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-07 Song Cheng , Chenfeng Cao , Chao Zhang , Yongxiang Liu , Shi-Yao Hou , Pengxiang Xu , Bei Zeng

Characterizing the computational advantage from noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices is an important task from theoretical and practical perspectives. Here, we numerically investigate the computational power of NISQ devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-06 Changhun Oh , Kyungjoo Noh , Bill Fefferman , Liang Jiang

Matrix Product States (MPS) and Operators (MPO) have been proven to be a powerful tool to study quantum many-body systems but are restricted to moderately entangled states as the number of parameters scales exponentially with the…

Whether noisy quantum devices without error correction can provide quantum advantage over classical computers is a critical issue of current quantum computation. In this work, the random quantum circuits, which are used as the paradigm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Meng Zhang , Chao Wang , Shaojun Dong , Hao Zhang , Yongjian Han , Lixin He

Classical simulations of noisy quantum circuits are instrumental to our understanding of the behavior of real-world quantum systems and the identification of regimes where one expects quantum advantage. In this work, we present a highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon Cichy , Paul K. Faehrmann , Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Hakop Pashayan

Finding solid and practical quantum advantages via noisy quantum devices without error correction is a critical but challenging problem. Conversely, comprehending the fundamental limitations of the state-of-the-art is equally crucial. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Yuxuan Yan , Zhenyu Du , Junjie Chen , Xiongfeng Ma

Today's experimental noisy quantum processors can compete with and surpass all known algorithms on state-of-the-art supercomputers for the computational benchmark task of Random Circuit Sampling [1-5]. Additionally, a circuit-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-22 K. Kechedzhi , S. V. Isakov , S. Mandrà , B. Villalonga , X. Mi , S. Boixo , V. Smelyanskiy

In recent years, efficient quantum circuit simulations incorporating ideal noise assumptions have relied on tensor network simulators, particularly leveraging the matrix product density operator (MPDO) framework. However, experiments on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Wei-guo Ma , Yun-Hao Shi , Kai Xu , Heng Fan

We study how matrix-product-operator (MPO) truncation errors evolve when simulating two setups: (1) 1D Haar-random circuits under either depolarizing noise or amplitude-damping noise, and (2) 1D Lindbladian dynamics of a non-integrable…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is vital for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While most conventional QEM schemes assume discrete gate-based circuits with noise appearing either before or after each gate, the assumptions are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-12 Jinzhao Sun , Xiao Yuan , Takahiro Tsunoda , Vlatko Vedral , Simon C. Bejamin , Suguru Endo

Understanding the effects of noise on quantum computations is fundamental to the development of quantum hardware and quantum algorithms. Simulation tools are essential for quantitatively modelling these effects, yet unless artificial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Anthony P. Thompson , Arie Soeteman , Chris Cade , Ido Niesen

Noise in existing quantum processors only enables an approximation to ideal quantum computation. However, these approximations can be vastly improved by error mitigation, for the computation of expectation values, as shown by small-scale…

As quantum devices continue to improve in scale and precision, a central challenge is how to effectively utilize noisy hardware for meaningful computation. Most existing approaches aim to recover noiseless circuit outputs from noisy ones…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Ruiqi Zhang , Fuchuan Wei , Zhaohui Wei

Noise is both ubiquitous and generally deleterious in settings where precision is required. This is especially true in the quantum technology sector where system utility typically decays rapidly under its influence. Understanding the noise…

The present era of quantum processors with hundreds to thousands of noisy qubits has sparked interest in understanding the computational power of these devices and how to leverage it to solve practically relevant problems. For applications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-15 Victor Martinez , Omar Fawzi , Daniel Stilck França

Sampling problems have emerged as a central avenue for demonstrating quantum advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. However, physical noise can fundamentally alter their computational complexity, often making them…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

It is imperative that useful quantum computers be very difficult to simulate classically; otherwise classical computers could be used for the applications envisioned for the quantum ones. Perfect quantum computers are unarguably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-26 Yiqing Zhou , E. Miles Stoudenmire , Xavier Waintal

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

Quantum systems are inherently open and susceptible to environmental noise, which can have both detrimental and beneficial effects on their dynamics. This phenomenon has been observed in bio-molecular systems, where noise enables novel…

Simulating open quantum systems is essential for exploring novel quantum phenomena and evaluating noisy quantum circuits. In this Letter, we address the problem of whether mixed states generated from noisy quantum circuits can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang
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