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Retrosynthesis is a problem to infer reactant compounds to synthesize a given product compound through chemical reactions. Recent studies on retrosynthesis focus on proposing more sophisticated prediction models, but the dataset to feed the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Katsuhiko Ishiguro , Kazuya Ujihara , Ryohto Sawada , Hirotaka Akita , Masaaki Kotera

The prediction of organic reaction outcomes is a fundamental problem in computational chemistry. Since a reaction may involve hundreds of atoms, fully exploring the space of possible transformations is intractable. The current solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-01 Wengong Jin , Connor W. Coley , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Recent advances have demonstrated the effectiveness of graph-based learning on relational databases (RDBs) for predictive tasks. Such approaches require transforming RDBs into graphs, a process we refer to as RDB-to-graph modeling, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Dongwon Choi , Sunwoo Kim , Juyeon Kim , Kyungho Kim , Geon Lee , Shinhwan Kang , Myunghwan Kim , Kijung Shin

We describe a fully data driven model that learns to perform a retrosynthetic reaction prediction task, which is treated as a sequence-to-sequence mapping problem. The end-to-end trained model has an encoder-decoder architecture that…

Reaction prediction, a critical task in synthetic chemistry, is to predict the outcome of a reaction based on given reactants. Generative models like Transformer have typically been employed to predict the reaction product. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Taicheng Guo , Changsheng Ma , Xiuying Chen , Bozhao Nan , Kehan Guo , Shichao Pei , Nitesh V. Chawla , Olaf Wiest , Xiangliang Zhang

Finding synthesis routes for molecules of interest is an essential step in the discovery of new drugs and materials. To find such routes, computer-assisted synthesis planning (CASP) methods are employed which rely on a model of chemical…

The disconnect between AI-generated molecules with desirable properties and their synthetic feasibility remains a critical bottleneck in computational discovery of drugs and materials. While generative AI has accelerated the proposal of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Shuan Chen , Gunwook Nam , Alan Aspuru-Guzik , Yousung Jung

Accurately predicting drug-target interactions (DTIs) is pivotal for advancing drug discovery and target validation techniques. While machine learning approaches including those that are based on Graph Neural Networks (GNN) have achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuehua Song , Yong Gao

Graph transformation formalisms have proven to be suitable tools for the modelling of chemical reactions. They are well established in theoretical studies and increasingly also in practical applications in chemistry. The latter is made…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Jakob L. Andersen , Rolf Fagerberg , Juri Kolčák , Christophe V. F. P. Laurent , Daniel Merkle , Nikolai Nøjgaard

The central challenge in automated synthesis planning is to be able to generate and predict outcomes of a diverse set of chemical reactions. In particular, in many cases, the most likely synthesis pathway cannot be applied due to additional…

Drug Discovery is a fundamental and ever-evolving field of research. The design of new candidate molecules requires large amounts of time and money, and computational methods are being increasingly employed to cut these costs. Machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-28 Pietro Bongini , Monica Bianchini , Franco Scarselli

There is an intuitive analogy of an organic chemist's understanding of a compound and a language speaker's understanding of a word. Consequently, it is possible to introduce the basic concepts and analyze potential impacts of linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Philippe Schwaller , Theophile Gaudin , David Lanyi , Costas Bekas , Teodoro Laino

Single-step retrosynthesis aims to predict a set of reactions that lead to the creation of a target molecule, which is a crucial task in molecular discovery. Although a target molecule can often be synthesized with multiple different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Piotr Gaiński , Michał Koziarski , Krzysztof Maziarz , Marwin Segler , Jacek Tabor , Marek Śmieja

Retrosynthesis planning remains a central challenge in molecular discovery due to the vast and complex chemical reaction space. While traditional template-based methods offer tractability, they suffer from poor scalability and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Nguyen Xuan-Vu , Daniel P Armstrong , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

Retrosynthesis planning is a fundamental challenge in chemistry which aims at designing reaction pathways from commercially available starting materials to a target molecule. Each step in multi-step retrosynthesis planning requires accurate…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-27 Ilia Igashov , Arne Schneuing , Marwin Segler , Michael Bronstein , Bruno Correia

Graph transformation systems have the potential to be realistic models of chemistry, provided a comprehensive collection of reaction rules can be extracted from the body of chemical knowledge. A first key step for rule learning is the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Christoph Flamm , Daniel Merkle , Peter F. Stadler , Uffe Thorsen

From medicines to materials, small organic molecules are indispensable for human well-being. To plan their syntheses, chemists employ a problem solving technique called retrosynthesis. In retrosynthesis, target molecules are recursively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Marwin H. S. Segler , Mike Preuss , Mark P. Waller

De novo molecule generation often results in chemically unfeasible molecules. A natural idea to mitigate this problem is to bias the search process towards more easily synthesizable molecules using a proxy for synthetic accessibility.…

Template based single step retrosynthesis predicts reactants by selecting and applying an explicit reaction template, making each prediction traceable to a chemical transformation rule. This is useful for synthesis planning, but template…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mohammad Jahid Ibna Basher , Ali Khodabandeh Yalabadi , Ivan Garibay , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay

Neural table-to-text generation models have achieved remarkable progress on an array of tasks. However, due to the data-hungry nature of neural models, their performances strongly rely on large-scale training examples, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Yixuan Su , Zaiqiao Meng , Simon Baker , Nigel Collier