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We compare two different implementations of fault-tolerant entangling gates on logical qubits. In one instance, a twelve-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer is used to implement a non-transversal logical CNOT gate between two five qubit…

The surface code family is a promising approach to implementing fault-tolerant quantum computations. Universal fault-tolerance requires error-corrected non-Clifford operations, in addition to Clifford gates, and for the former, it is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Younghun Kim , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

Motivated by their central role in fault-tolerant quantum computation, we study the sets of gates of the third-level of the Clifford hierarchy and their distinguished subsets of `nearly diagonal' semi-Clifford gates. The Clifford hierarchy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Imin Chen , Nadish de Silva

Fault-tolerant quantum computation is a technique that is necessary to build a scalable quantum computer from noisy physical building blocks. Key for the implementation of fault-tolerant computations is the ability to perform a universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-14 Markus Grassl , Martin Roetteler

Quantum LDPC codes may provide a path to build low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, as general LDPC codes lack geometric constraints, na\"ive layouts couple many distant qubits with crossing connections which could be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-17 Maxime A. Tremblay , Nicolas Delfosse , Michael E. Beverland

Color code is a promising topological code for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Insufficient research on the color code has delayed its practical application. In this work, we address several key issues to facilitate practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Jiaxuan Zhang , Yu-Chun Wu , Guo-Ping Guo

Generation of logical zero states encoded with a quantum error-correcting code is the first step for fault-tolerant quantum computation, but requires considerably large resource overheads in general. To reduce such overheads, we propose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-14 Hayato Goto , Yinghao Ho , Taro Kanao

Given a quantum gate circuit, how does one execute it in a fault-tolerant architecture with as little overhead as possible? In this paper, we discuss strategies for surface-code quantum computing on small, intermediate and large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Daniel Litinski

Low-depth random circuit codes possess many desirable properties for quantum error correction but have so far only been analyzed in the code capacity setting where it is assumed that encoding gates and syndrome measurements are noiseless.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Jon Nelson , Gregory Bentsen , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Gullans

We propose and simulate the performance of a set of fault-tolerant and constant-depth logical gates on 2D toric codes. This set combines fold-transversal gates, Dehn twists and single-shot logical Pauli measurements and generates the full…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Alexandre Guernut , Christophe Vuillot

Quantum computing has potential to provide exponential speedups over classical computing for many important applications. However, today's quantum computers are in their early stages, and hardware quality issues hinder the scale of program…

We introduce a construction for protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computing based on code concatenation and transversal gates. These protocols can be interpreted as families of quantum circuits of low-weight stabilizer measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Daniel Litinski

Standard approaches to quantum error correction for fault-tolerant quantum computing are based on encoding a single logical qubit into many physical ones, resulting in asymptotically zero encoding rates and therefore huge resource…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-06 Hayato Goto

Quantum error-correcting codes are essential to the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum computation. Homological products of classical codes offer a versatile framework for constructing quantum error-correcting codes with desirable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Esther Xiaozhen Fu , Han Zheng , Zimu Li , Zi-Wen Liu

Quantum computing promises revolutionary advances in modeling materials and molecules. However, the up-to-date runtime estimates for utility-scale applications on certain quantum hardware systems are in the order of years rendering quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Katerina Gratsea , Matthew Otten

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

We introduce a family of scalable planar fault-tolerant circuits that implement logical non-Clifford operations on a 2D color code, such as a logical $T$ gate or a logical non-Pauli measurement that prepares a magic $|T\rangle$ state. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Andreas Bauer , Julio C. Magdalena de la Fuente

We provide a recursively defined sequence of flag circuits which will detect logical errors induced by non-fault-tolerant $R_{\overline{Z}}(\frac{\pi}{2^l})$ gates on CSS codes with a fault distance of two. As applications, we give a family…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Shival Dasu , Ben Criger

Fault-tolerant quantum error correction provides a strategy to protect information processed by a quantum computer against noise which would otherwise corrupt the data. A fault-tolerant universal quantum computer must implement a universal…

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation are two fundamental concepts which make quantum computing feasible. While providing a theoretical means with which to ensure the arbitrary accuracy of any quantum circuit,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. M. Stephens , S. J. Devitt , A. G. Fowler , J. C. Ang , L. C. L. Hollenberg