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This paper reviews recent studies in understanding neural-network representations and learning neural networks with interpretable/disentangled middle-layer representations. Although deep neural networks have exhibited superior performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-08 Quanshi Zhang , Song-Chun Zhu

Clustering serves as a vital tool for uncovering latent data structures, and achieving both high accuracy and interpretability is essential. To this end, existing methods typically construct binary decision trees by solving mixed-integer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Hayato Suzuki , Shunnosuke Ikeda , Yuichi Takano

As machine learning algorithms getting adopted in an ever-increasing number of applications, interpretation has emerged as a crucial desideratum. In this paper, we propose a mathematical definition for the human-interpretable model. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Weishen Pan , Changshui Zhang

We introduce a novel perspective by linking ordered probabilistic choice to copula theory, a mathematical framework for modeling dependencies in multivariate distributions. Each representation of ordered probabilistic choice behavior can be…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-07-10 Christopher P. Chambers , Yusufcan Masatlioglu , Kemal Yildiz

With the success of deep learning, recent efforts have been focused on analyzing how learned networks make their classifications. We are interested in analyzing the network output based on the network structure and information flow through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Sandeep Konam , Ian Quah , Stephanie Rosenthal , Manuela Veloso

Model interpretation is one of the key aspects of the model evaluation process. The explanation of the relationship between model variables and outputs is relatively easy for statistical models, such as linear regressions, thanks to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-12-05 Anna Palczewska , Jan Palczewski , Richard Marchese Robinson , Daniel Neagu

Interpretable insights from predictive models remain critical in bio-statistics, particularly when assessing causality, where classical statistical and machine learning methods often provide inherent clarity. While Neural Networks (NNs)…

Applications · Statistics 2025-05-02 Jean-Baptiste A. Conan

Observation is an essential tool for understanding and studying human behavior and mental states. However, coding human behavior is a time-consuming, expensive task, in which reliability can be difficult to achieve and bias is a risk.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Flavia D. Frumosu , Nicole N. Lønfeldt , A. -R. Cecilie Mora-Jensen , Sneha Das , Nicklas Leander Lund , A. Katrine Pagsberg , Line K. H. Clemmensen

Deep neural networks have demonstrated superior performance in artificial intelligence applications, but the opaqueness of their inner working mechanism is one major drawback in their application. The prevailing unit-based interpretation is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Lei Lyu , Chen Pang , Jihua Wang

Learning concepts that are consistent with human perception is important for Deep Neural Networks to win end-user trust. Post-hoc interpretation methods lack transparency in the feature representations learned by the models. This work…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Sandareka Wickramanayake , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee

A major prerequisite for the application of machine learning models in clinical decision making is trust and interpretability. Current explainability studies in the neuroimaging community have mostly focused on explaining individual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Fabian Eitel , Anna Melkonyan , Kerstin Ritter

Mechanistic interpretability aims to reverse engineer neural networks by uncovering which high-level algorithms they implement. Causal abstraction provides a precise notion of when a network implements an algorithm, i.e., a causal model of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Theodora-Mara Pîslar , Sara Magliacane , Atticus Geiger

A neural network with fixed topology can be regarded as a parametrization of functions, which decides on the correlations between functional variations when parameters are adapted. We propose an analysis, based on a differential geometry…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-05-23 Marc Toussaint

This work introduces a novel interpretable machine learning method called Mixture of Decision Trees (MoDT). It constitutes a special case of the Mixture of Experts ensemble architecture, which utilizes a linear model as gating function and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Simeon Brüggenjürgen , Nina Schaaf , Pascal Kerschke , Marco F. Huber

There has been a large number of studies in interpretable and explainable ML for cybersecurity, in particular, for intrusion detection. Many of these studies have significant amount of overlapping and repeated evaluations and analysis. At…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Omer Subasi , Johnathan Cree , Joseph Manzano , Elena Peterson

Prototype-based methods use interpretable representations to address the black-box nature of deep learning models, in contrast to post-hoc explanation methods that only approximate such models. We propose the Neural Prototype Tree…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Meike Nauta , Ron van Bree , Christin Seifert

While modern deep neural networks achieve impressive performance in vision tasks, they remain opaque in their decision processes, risking unwarranted trust, undetected biases and unexpected failures. We propose cluster paths, a post-hoc…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Nicholas M. Kroeger , Vincent Bindschaedler

Graph-structured data are ubiquitous. However, graphs encode diverse types of information and thus play different roles in data representation. In this paper, we distinguish the \textit{representational} and the \textit{correlational} roles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Jiaqi Ma , Bo Chang , Xuefei Zhang , Qiaozhu Mei

Although neural networks can achieve very high predictive performance on various different tasks such as image recognition or natural language processing, they are often considered as opaque "black boxes". The difficulty of interpreting the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-22 Enguerrand Horel , Virgile Mison , Tao Xiong , Kay Giesecke , Lidia Mangu

Neural network have achieved remarkable successes in many scientific fields. However, the interpretability of the neural network model is still a major bottlenecks to deploy such technique into our daily life. The challenge can dive into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhimin Li , Shusen Liu , Kailkhura Bhavya , Timo Bremer , Valerio Pascucci