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A Bell test can rule out local realistic models, and has potential applications in communications and information tasks. For example, a Bell inequality violation can certify the presence of intrinsic randomness in measurement outcomes,…

This article contains a review of Nelson's analysis of Bell's theorem. It shows that Bell's inequalities can be violated with a theory of local random variables if one accepts that the outcomes of these variables are not predetermined prior…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-30 Benjamin Schulz

With the advent of quantum information, the violation of a Bell inequality is used as evidence of the absence of an eavesdropper in cryptographic scenarios such as key distribution and randomness expansion. One of the key assumptions of…

Bell's inequality was originally derived under the assumption that experimenters are free to select detector settings independently of any local "hidden variables" that might affect the outcomes of measurements on entangled particles. This…

Quantum mechanics has irked physicists ever since its conception more than 100 years ago. While some of the misgivings, such as it being unintuitive, are merely aesthetic, quantum mechanics has one serious shortcoming: it lacks a physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-07 S. Hossenfelder , T. N. Palmer

We consider dynamics of hidden variables for measurements in a generalized bell-type model for a single spin using natural assumptions. The evolution of the system, which can be expressed as dynamic chaos is studied. The equilibrium state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-31 Yu. I. Bogdanov

This paper considers statistical inference for the explained variance $\beta^{\intercal}\Sigma \beta$ under the high-dimensional linear model $Y=X\beta+\epsilon$ in the semi-supervised setting, where $\beta$ is the regression vector and…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-01 T. Tony Cai , Zijian Guo

The correspondence principle suggests that quantum systems grow classical when large. Classical systems cannot violate Bell inequalities. Yet agents given substantial control can violate Bell inequalities proven for large-scale systems. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-10 Adam Bene Watts , Nicole Yunger Halpern , Aram Harrow

The demonstration and use of Bell-nonlocality, a concept that is fundamentally striking and is at the core of applications in device independent quantum information processing, relies heavily on the assumption of measurement independence,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-13 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

The issue of whether we make decisions freely has vexed philosophers for millennia, Resolving this is vital for solving a diverse range of problems, from the physiology of how the brain makes decisions (and how we assign moral…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-06-30 Tim Palmer

The experimentally verified violation of Bell's inequalities apparently implies that at least one of two intuitive beliefs must be false: that effects propagating at infinite velocity do not exist, and that natural phenomena occur…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Alejandro Hnilo

A violation of Bell-CHSH inequalities does not justify speculations about quantum non-locality, conspiracy and retro-causation. Such speculations are rooted in a belief that setting dependence of hidden variables in a probabilistic model,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-06 Marian Kupczynski

The experimental violation of Bell inequalities using spacelike separated measurements precludes the explanation of quantum correlations through causal influences propagating at subluminal speed. Yet, any such experimental violation could…

Relativistic invariance is a physical law verified in several domains of physics. The impossibility of faster than light influences is not questioned by quantum theory. In quantum electrodynamics, in quantum field theory and in the standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-05 Marian Kupczynski

Quantum correlations that violate the Bell inequality cannot be explained by any (measurement independent) local hidden variable theory. However, the violation only implies incompatibility of the underlying assumptions of reality, locality,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Gen Kimura , Yugo Susuki , Kei Morisue

The no-signaling constraints state that the probability distribution of the outputs of any subset of parties is independent of the inputs of the complementary set; here we re-examine these to see how they arise from relativistic causality.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-30 Paweł Horodecki , Ravishankar Ramanathan

The Bell inequality constrains the outcomes of measurements on pairs of distant entangled particles. The Bell contradiction states that the Bell inequality is inconsistent with the calculated outcomes of these quantum experiments. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Kees van Hee , Kees van Berkel , Jan de Graaf

Supraquantum nonlocality refers to correlations that are more nonlocal than allowed by quantum theory but still physically conceivable in post-quantum theories, in the sense of respecting the basic no-faster-than-light communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-02 Andreas Ketterer , Adrien Laversanne-Finot , Leandro Aolita

Loophole-free violations of Bell inequalities imply that at least one of the assumptions behind local hidden-variable theories must fail. Here, we show that, if only one fails, then it has to fail completely, therefore excluding models that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Carlos Vieira , Ravishankar Ramanathan , Adán Cabello

Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…