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Quantum annealing (QA) is a hardware-based heuristic optimization and sampling method applicable to discrete undirected graphical models. While similar to simulated annealing, QA relies on quantum, rather than thermal, effects to explore…

Generative modeling with machine learning has provided a new perspective on the data-driven task of reconstructing quantum states from a set of qubit measurements. As increasingly large experimental quantum devices are built in…

We present a real-world application that uses a quantum computer. Specifically, we train a RBM using QA for cybersecurity applications. The D-Wave 2000Q has been used to implement QA. RBMs are trained on the ISCX data, which is a benchmark…

Recent work has proposed and explored using coreset techniques for quantum algorithms that operate on classical data sets to accelerate the applicability of these algorithms on near-term quantum devices. We apply these ideas to Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-28 Joshua Viszlai , Teague Tomesh , Pranav Gokhale , Eric Anschuetz , Frederic T. Chong

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) are a class of generative neural network that are typically trained to maximize a log-likelihood objective function. We argue that likelihood-based training strategies may fail because the objective does…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-25 Charles K. Fisher , Aaron M. Smith , Jonathan R. Walsh

The training of neural networks (NNs) is a computationally intensive task requiring significant time and resources. This paper presents a novel approach to NN training using Adiabatic Quantum Computing (AQC), a paradigm that leverages the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-28 Steve Abel , Juan Carlos Criado , Michael Spannowsky

Energy-based models provide a natural bridge between statistical physics and machine learning by representing data through structured energy landscapes. Boltzmann machines are a particularly compelling class of such models for capturing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Gilhan Kim , Daniel K. Park

Boltzmann machine is a powerful machine learning model with many real-world applications, for example by constructing deep belief networks. Statistical inference on a Boltzmann machine can be carried out by sampling from its posterior…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Mārtiņš Kālis , Andris Locāns , Rolands Šikovs , Hassan Naseri , Andris Ambainis

Mainstream machine-learning techniques such as deep learning and probabilistic programming rely heavily on sampling from generally intractable probability distributions. There is increasing interest in the potential advantages of using…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-29 Marcello Benedetti , John Realpe-Gómez , Rupak Biswas , Alejandro Perdomo-Ortiz

In this thesis we explore using the D-Wave Advantage 4.1 quantum annealer to sample from quantum Boltzmann distributions and train quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs). We focus on the real-world problem of using QBMs as generative models to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-01 Cameron Perot

Quantum optimization is the most mature quantum computing technology to date, providing a promising approach towards efficiently solving complex combinatorial problems. Methods such as adiabatic quantum computing (AQC) have been employed in…

We present an efficient classical algorithm for training deep Boltzmann machines (DBMs) that uses rejection sampling in concert with variational approximations to estimate the gradients of the training objective function. Our algorithm is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-07-10 Nathan Wiebe , Ashish Kapoor , Christopher Granade , Krysta M Svore

A major challenge in machine learning is the computational expense of training these models. Model training can be viewed as a form of optimization used to fit a machine learning model to a set of data, which can take up significant amount…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Prasanna Date , Thomas Potok

We present the application of Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) to the task of astronomical image classification using a quantum annealer built by D-Wave Systems. Morphological analysis of galaxies provides critical information for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-17 João Caldeira , Joshua Job , Steven H. Adachi , Brian Nord , Gabriel N. Perdue

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) are general unsupervised learning devices to ascertain generative models of data distributions. RBMs are often trained using the Contrastive Divergence learning algorithm (CD), an approximation to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-10 David Buchaca , Enrique Romero , Ferran Mazzanti , Jordi Delgado

In Deep Learning, a well-known approach for training a Deep Neural Network starts by training a generative Deep Belief Network model, typically using Contrastive Divergence (CD), then fine-tuning the weights using backpropagation or other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-22 Steven H. Adachi , Maxwell P. Henderson

Quantum computers offer the potential for efficiently sampling from complex probability distributions, attracting increasing interest in generative modeling within quantum machine learning. This surge in interest has driven the development…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-19 Maria Demidik , Cenk Tüysüz , Nico Piatkowski , Michele Grossi , Karl Jansen

Quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs) are generative models with potential advantages in quantum machine learning, yet their training is fundamentally limited by the barren plateau problem, where gradients vanish exponentially with system size.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Takeshi Kimura , Kohtaro Kato , Masahito Hayashi

The Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is one of the simplest generative neural networks capable of learning input distributions. Despite its simplicity, the analysis of its performance in learning from the training data is only well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yizhou Xu , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

This paper presents a new hybrid Quantum Machine Learning (QML) model composed of three elements: a classical computer in charge of the data preparation and interpretation; a Gate-based Quantum Computer running the Variational Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Ernesto Acosta , Carlos Cano Gutierrez , Guillermo Botella , Roberto Campos