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The efficiency of modern machine intelligence depends on high accuracy with minimal computational cost. In spiking neural networks (SNNs), synaptic delays are crucial for encoding temporal structure, yet existing models treat them as fully…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Lennart P. L. Landsmeer , Amirreza Movahedin , Mario Negrello , Said Hamdioui , Christos Strydis

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are bio-inspired models of neural computation that have proven highly effective. Still, ANNs lack a natural notion of time, and neural units in ANNs exchange analog values in a frame-based manner, a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-16 Davide Zambrano , Roeland Nusselder , H. Steven Scholte , Sander Bohte

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are able to learn spatiotemporal features while using less energy, especially on neuromorphic hardware. The most widely used spiking neuron in deep learning is the Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) neuron. LIF…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Sidi Yaya Arnaud Yarga , Sean U. N. Wood

Encoding static images into spike trains is a fundamental step for enabling Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) to process visual information. However, widely used methods such as rate coding, Poisson encoding, and time-to-first-spike (TTFS)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Minchi Hu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are one of the most promising bio-inspired neural networks models and have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The event-driven communication mechanism of SNNs allows for sparse and theoretically…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Andrea Castagnetti , Alain Pegatoquet , Benoît Miramond

A Spiking Neural Network (SNN) can be trained indirectly by first training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the conventional backpropagation algorithm, then converting it into an SNN. The conventional rate-coding method for SNNs uses…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ming Zhang , Nenggan Zheng , De Ma , Gang Pan , Zonghua Gu

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with their bio-inspired Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neurons inherently capture temporal information. This makes them well-suited for sequential tasks like processing event-based data from Dynamic Vision…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Prajna G. Malettira , Shubham Negi , Wachirawit Ponghiran , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), particularly the single-spike variant in which neurons spike at most once, are considerably more energy efficient than standard artificial neural networks (ANNs). However, single-spike SSNs are difficult to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Luke Taylor , Andrew King , Nicol Harper

Spiking neural networks are efficient computation models for low-power environments. Spike-based BP algorithms and ANN-to-SNN (ANN2SNN) conversions are successful techniques for SNN training. Nevertheless, the spike-base BP training is slow…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Jianxiong Tang , Jianhuang Lai , Xiaohua Xie , Lingxiao Yang , Wei-Shi Zheng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising alternative to traditional deep learning frameworks, since they provide higher computational efficiency due to event-driven information processing. SNNs distribute the analog values of pixel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Isha Garg , Sayeed Shafayet Chowdhury , Kaushik Roy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are receiving increasing attention due to their low power consumption and strong bio-plausibility. Optimization of SNNs is a challenging task. Two main methods, artificial neural network (ANN)-to-SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Chunming Jiang , Yilei Zhang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a promising solution to the problem of increasing computational and energy requirements for modern Machine Learning (ML) applications. Due to their unique data representation choice of using spikes and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Daniel Windhager , Lothar Ratschbacher , Bernhard A. Moser , Michael Lunglmayr

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly energy-efficient due to event-driven, sparse computation, but their training is challenged by spike non-differentiability and trade-offs among performance, efficiency, and biological plausibility.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihan Huang , Zijie Xu , Yihan Huang , Shanshan Jia , Tong Bu , Yiting Dong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), a brain-inspired computing paradigm, are emerging for their inference performance, particularly in terms of energy efficiency and latency attributed to the plasticity in signal processing. To deploy SNNs in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-15 Sizhen Bian , Elisa Donati , Michele Magno

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) show great potential due to their energy efficiency, fast processing capabilities, and robustness. There are two main approaches to constructing SNNs. Direct training methods require much memory, while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zihan Huang , Xinyu Shi , Zecheng Hao , Tong Bu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown great potential for numerous real-world machine learning applications, but performing inference in large CNNs in real-time remains a challenge. We have previously demonstrated that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-12-14 Bodo Rueckauer , Iulia-Alexandra Lungu , Yuhuang Hu , Michael Pfeiffer

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive spatio-temporal computing paradigm for complex vision tasks. However, most existing works yield models that require many time steps and do not leverage the inherent temporal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Gourav Datta , Haoqin Deng , Robert Aviles , Peter A. Beerel

Multi-bit spiking neural networks (SNNs) have recently become a heated research spot, pursuing energy-efficient and high-accurate AI. However, with more bits involved, the associated memory and computation demands escalate to the point…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xingting Yao , Qinghao Hu , Fei Zhou , Tielong Liu , Gang Li , Peisong Wang , Jian Cheng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) represent the forefront of neuromorphic computing, promising energy-efficient and biologically plausible models for complex tasks. This paper weaves together three groundbreaking studies that revolutionize SNN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Biswadeep Chakraborty , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise efficient and dynamic spatio-temporal data processing. This paper reformulates a significant challenge in radio astronomy, Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) detection, as a time-series segmentation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Nicholas J. Pritchard , Andreas Wicenec , Mohammed Bennamoun , Richard Dodson
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